高效率质子交换膜燃料电池催化层紧密度影响机制研究

赵坚蕴; 张睿; 周浩; 闫宇; 彭焘; 徐梁飞; 李盛涛; 李建秋

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20260426

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

高效率质子交换膜燃料电池催化层紧密度影响机制研究

材料化学工程与纳米技术 | 更新时间：2026-06-04

- 高效率质子交换膜燃料电池催化层紧密度影响机制研究
- Study on the Mechanism of Compactness Factor Influence in High-Efficiency Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers
- 化工学报 2026年
- 作者机构：
  
  1.西安交通大学电气工程学院，陕西西安 710049
  2.北京怀柔实验室，北京 101400
  3.清华大学车辆与运载学院，北京 100084
  4.清华大学智能绿色车辆与交通全国重点实验室，北京 100084
  5.清华大学碳中和研究院，北京 100084
- 作者简介：
  
  赵坚蕴(1998—),男,博士研究生,xjtujianbing@163.com
  张睿(1993—),男,博士,副研究员,zhangrui@hrl.ac.cn
  李建秋(1972—),男,博士,教授,lijianqiu@tsinghua.edu.cn
- 基金信息：
  
  怀柔实验室项目(ZD2022006A);北京市科技新星计划(20250484927);清华大学智能绿色车辆与交通全国重点实验室自主研究课题(ZZ-GG-20250106)
- DOI：10.11949/0438-1157.20260426
  中图分类号： TM 911.4
- 收稿：2026-03-29，
  
  修回：2026-06-03，
  
  录用：2026-06-04，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
赵坚蕴, 张睿, 周浩, 等. 高效率质子交换膜燃料电池催化层紧密度影响机制研究[J/OL]. 化工学报, 2026.

Zhao Jianyun, Zhang Rui, Zhou Hao, et al. Study on the Mechanism of Compactness Factor Influence in High-Efficiency Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers[J/OL]. CIESC Journal, 2026.
赵坚蕴, 张睿, 周浩, 等. 高效率质子交换膜燃料电池催化层紧密度影响机制研究[J/OL]. 化工学报, 2026. DOI： 10.11949/0438-1157.20260426.

Zhao Jianyun, Zhang Rui, Zhou Hao, et al. Study on the Mechanism of Compactness Factor Influence in High-Efficiency Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers[J/OL]. CIESC Journal, 2026. DOI： 10.11949/0438-1157.20260426.

摘要

高效率的发电用质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）是氢能用于新型电力系统大规模调峰及多周期储能的重要技术，其膜电极催化层（Catalyst Layer

CL）中的多孔尺度微观结构直接决定电化学反应、质子氧气等传导传输的分布与效率，碳载体团聚堆积形态是其首要影响因素。通过建立碳载体颗粒团聚堆积模型，结合等效电路与多物理场仿真，系统探究不同堆积紧密度（Compactness Factor

CF）、孔隙率和球形度对催化层传质传导阻力及输出电压的影响。结果表明，适中堆积紧密度、球形度0.96和堆积孔隙率0.15的堆积结构能有效降低活化极化、质子传导极化及氧气传输极化，使催化层在1 A cm

−2

的电流密度下，理论输

出电压提高至0.81 V。研究进一步揭示，孔隙率与球形度需协同优化以平衡传质与电荷传输，而堆积紧密度通过调控碳载体电流分配从而影响性能。本研究为理解堆积结构与催化层性能的内在关系、面向下一代高效率发电用PEMFC的催化层微结构设计与优化提供了理论依据。

Abstract

The microstructure of the catalyst layer (CL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) directly determines the efficiency of charge and mass transport. As a core microstructural parameter

the packing method of single carbon particles lacks a clear theoretical basis for optimal design. This study systematically investigates the effects of packing porosity

sphericity

and accumulation compactness on mass/charge transport resistance and output voltage in CL under different carbon particle packing configurations. By establishing single-particle and particle-packing models

combined with equivalent circuit modeling and multi-physics field simulations

this study systematically investigates the effects of different compactness factor (CF)

porosity

and sphericity on mass transfer resistance and output voltage in the catalyst layer. The results indicate that a packing structure with a sphericity of 0.96 and packing porosity of 0.15 effectively reduces activation polarization

proton transport polarization

and oxygen mass transfer polarization. As a result

the theoretical output voltage of CL can be increased to 0.81 V at a current density of 1 A cm

−2

. Furthermore

the study reveals that porosity and sphericity must be synergistically optimized to balance mass transport and charge conduction

while the accumulation compactness influences performance by regulating current distribution per particle. This research provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the intrinsic relationship between packing structure and CL performance

and offers guidance for the design and optimization of high-performance PEMFC catalyst layers.

关键词

Keywords

references

Zhang F , Zu B F , Wang B W , et al . Developing long-durability proton-exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . Joule , 2025 , 9 ( 3 ): 101853 .

Sun S G . Active and stable atomically dispersed Fe-based cathode for PEMFCs [J ] . Science Bulletin , 2025 , 70 ( 24 ): 4119 - 4121 .

Gallagher J . Costing out fuel cells [J ] . Nature Energy , 2023 , 8 ( 9 ): 907 .

Yue C Z , Zheng W B , Wang Q Y , et al . Challenges in membrane electrode assemblies at elevated temperatures for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: a review [J ] . Energy & Environmental Science , 2025 , 18 ( 14 ): 6934 - 6982 .

Khosravi H S , Abbas Q , Reichmann K . Electrochemical aspects of interconnect materials in PEMFCs [J ] . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 2021 , 46 ( 71 ): 35420 - 35447 .

He K , Zhang C , He Q B , et al . Effectiveness of PEMFC historical state and operating mode in PEMFC prognosis [J ] . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 2020 , 45 ( 56 ): 32355 - 32366 .

Yang G Q , Komini Babu S , Liyanage W P R , et al . Coaxial nanowire electrodes enable exceptional fuel cell durability [J ] . Advanced Materials , 2023 , 35 ( 39 ): 2301264 .

张晓卿 , 马骁 , 帅石金 . 考虑扩散层表面润湿性的流道内两相流对燃料电池性能影响研究 [J ] . 化工学报 , 2025 , 76 ( 11 ): 5574 - 5583 .

Zhang X Q , Ma X , Shuai S J . Study on influence of two-phase flow in channels considering surface wettability of gas diffusion layers on fuel cell performance [J ] . CIESC Journal , 2025 , 76 ( 11 ): 5574 - 5583 .

乔鹏宇 , 吴思远 , 包志铭 , 等 . 多工况下质子交换膜燃料电池物理场分布均匀性与运行状态研究 [J ] . 汽车工程 , 2025 , 47 ( 11 ): 2126 - 2140, 2149 .

Qiao P Y , Wu S Y , Bao Z M , et al . Study on the uniformity of physical field distribution and operation state of proton exchange membrane fuel cells under multiple operating conditions [J ] . Automotive Engineering , 2025 , 47 ( 11 ): 2126 - 2140, 2149 .

Zhang J M , Zhang Z X , Zou X Y , et al . Tailoring COFs with water and oxygen pathways for efficient catalyst interfaces in PEMFCs [J ] . Advanced Materials , 2025 , 37 ( 40 ): e09000 .

Sharma R , Maurya R , Andersen S M . True gas phase oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) explorations at the electrolyte/gas interface: a unique screening configuration to study electrode interface structure for PEMFCs [J ] . Journal of Power Sources , 2025 , 641 : 236841 .

Wang Y J , Long W Y , Wang L L , et al . Unlocking the door to highly active ORR catalysts for PEMFC applications: polyhedron-engineered Pt-based nanocrystals [J ] . Energy & Environmental Science , 2018 , 11 ( 2 ): 258 - 275 .

何璞 , 母玉同 , 陈黎 , 等 . 质子交换膜燃料电池多孔电极有效输运系数预测 [J ] . 工程热物理学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 1 ): 125 - 129 .

He P , Mu Y T , Chen L , et al . Predictions of effective transport coefficients for porous electrode in proton exchange membrane fuel cell [J ] . Journal of Engineering Thermophysics , 2019 , 40 ( 1 ): 125 - 129 .

Tang M H , Yan H L , Zhang X M , et al . Materials strategies tackling interfacial issues in catalyst layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . Advanced Materials , 2025 , 37 ( 31 ): 2306387 .

Sui P C , Zhu X , Djilali N . Modeling of PEM fuel cell catalyst layers: status and outlook [J ] . Electrochemical Energy Reviews , 2019 , 2 ( 3 ): 428 - 466 .

Ebrahimi S , Roshandel R , Vijayaraghavan K . Power density optimization of PEMFC cathode with non-uniform catalyst layer by Simplex method and numerical simulation [J ] . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 2016 , 41 ( 47 ): 22260 - 22273 .

Liu C , Zheng J , Chi B , et al . Integrating sulfur-doped atomically dispersed FeN x sites with small-sized Fe 3 C nanoparticles for PEMFCs and beyond [J ] . Energy & Environmental Science , 2024 , 17 ( 16 ): 5941 - 5949 .

Lee J , Park J H , Choi D , et al . Ligand engineering at the precursor stage unlocks exceptional durability in PtCo@PtAu catalysts for heavy-duty PEMFCs [J ] . Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy , 2026 , 381 : 125887 .

Capdevila-Cortada M . A multimodal approach for platinum [J ] . Nature Catalysis , 2025 , 8 ( 6 ): 511 .

Xiao F , Sun H R , Geng S Z , et al . Rare earth-decorated platinum-nickel-cobalt knot-like nanowires achieve efficient bifunctional electrocatalysis for PEMFC [J ] . Nano Energy , 2025 , 144 : 111379 .

Cheng Q Q , Yang S , Fu C H , et al . High-loaded sub-6 nm Pt 1 Co 1 intermetallic compounds with highly efficient performance expression in PEMFCs [J ] . Energy & Environmental Science , 2022 , 15 ( 1 ): 278 - 286 .

Lee H Y , Yu T H , Shin C H , et al . Low temperature synthesis of new highly graphitized N-doped carbon for Pt fuel cell supports, satisfying DOE 2025 durability standards for both catalyst and support [J ] . Applied Catalysis B: Environmental , 2023 , 323 : 122179 .

冯彬彬 , 卢明佳 , 黄志宏 , 等 . 碳载体在质子交换膜燃料电池中的应用及优化 [J ] . 化工学报 , 2024 , 75 ( 4 ): 1469 - 1484 .

Feng B B , Lu M J , Huang Z H , et al . Application and optimization of carbon supports in proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . CIESC Journal , 2024 , 75 ( 4 ): 1469 - 1484 .

Li J , Ma Q L , Dong S D , et al . Three-phase microenvironment modification by optimizing ionomer towards high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . Chemical Society Reviews , 2025 , 54 ( 19 ): 8555 - 8581 .

Li H Y , Yuan S , You J B , et al . Revealing the oxygen transport challenges in catalyst layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and water electrolysis [J ] . Nano-Micro Letters , 2025 , 17 ( 1 ): 225 .

陈昕 , 叶丁丁 , 汪洋 , 等 . 气体扩散层梯度孔隙率结构对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响 [J ] . 工程热物理学报 , 2025 , 46 ( 10 ): 3251 - 3257 .

Chen X , Ye D D , Wang Y , et al . Impact of gradient porosity structure in gas diffusion layer on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . Journal of Engineering Thermophysics , 2025 , 46 ( 10 ): 3251 - 3257 .

Chen J N , Du W J , Guo Z M , et al . Decoupling membrane electrode assembly materials complexity from fuel cell performance through image-based multiphase and multiphysics modelling [J ] . Advanced Energy Materials , 2025 , 15 ( 27 ): 2405179 .

Yang G Q , Lee C , Qiao X X , et al . Advanced electrode structures for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: current status and path forward [J ] . Electrochemical Energy Reviews , 2024 , 7 ( 1 ): 9 .

Chattot R , Le Bacq O , Beermann V , et al . Surface distortion as a unifying concept and descriptor in oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis [J ] . Nature Materials , 2018 , 17 ( 9 ): 827 - 833 .

樊林浩 , 张国宾 , 焦魁 . 高电流、低加湿工况下PEMFC的性能研究 [J ] . 工程热物理学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 4 ): 870 - 876 .

Fan L H , Zhang G B , Jiao K . Investigations on PEMFC performance under high current density and low humidification [J ] . Journal of Engineering Thermophysics , 2019 , 40 ( 4 ): 870 - 876 .

Choi S , Jeon J , Chae J S , et al . Single-step fabrication of a multiscale porous catalyst layer by the emulsion template method for low Pt-loaded proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . ACS Applied Energy Materials , 2021 , 4 ( 4 ): 4012 - 4020 .

Paul M T Y , Kim D , Saha M S , et al . Patterning catalyst layers with microscale features by soft lithography techniques for proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . ACS Applied Energy Materials , 2020 , 3 ( 1 ): 478 - 486 .

Itoi H , Ito M , Kasai Y , et al . Study of the pore size effect on the charge storage of hydrous RuO 2 nanoparticles supported within the pores of activated carbon [J ] . Solid State Sciences , 2021 , 111 : 106472 .

Zhang S A , Li J , Wang C J , et al . Ionomer distribution control via thiophene S-modification of carbon support for high-power proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . Nature Communications , 2025 , 16 : 11670 .

Pei Y B , Zhu W K , Yue R F , et al . Fine adjustment of catalyst agglomerate for the controllable construction of Co/Fe–N–C catalyst layers [J ] . Journal of Power Sources , 2023 , 566 : 232904 .

于瑞佼 , 郭航 , 叶芳 , 等 . 扩散层孔隙率对燃料电池性能的影响 [J ] . 化工学报 , 2024 , 75 ( 10 ): 3752 - 3762 .

Yu R J , Guo H , Ye F , et al . Effect of gas diffusion layer porosity on fuel cell performance [J ] . CIESC Journal , 2024 , 75 ( 10 ): 3752 - 3762 .

Bai F , Tang Z Y , Yin R J , et al . Optimization of the operational conditions of PEMFC by a novel CFD-DT-GA approach [J ] . Applied Energy , 2025 , 387 : 125620 .

Chen L , Zhang R Y , He P , et al . Nanoscale simulation of local gas transport in catalyst layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . Journal of Power Sources , 2018 , 400 : 114 - 125 .

Chen L , Kang Q J , Tao W Q . Pore-scale numerical study of multiphase reactive transport processes in cathode catalyst layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells [J ] . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , 2021 , 46 ( 24 ): 13283 - 13297 .

Li X , Hou Y Z , Wu C R , et al . Interlink among catalyst loading, transport and performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells: a pore-scale study [J ] . Nanoscale Horizons , 2022 , 7 ( 3 ): 255 - 266 .

浏览量

下载量

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

工具集

关联资源

PEMFC催化层耦合气体电荷传输过程的介观模拟

超大面积燃料电池性能及面内一致性影响研究

基于准二维模型的PEMFC冷启动特性研究

多室微生物脱盐燃料电池的构建与脱盐产电性能优化研究

融合物理信息的发酵过程时空图卷积网络模型