From a chemical reaction engineering point of view

the relationship between primary pyrolysis and secondary reactions of small-size oil shale pyrolysis technologies was analyzed.A novel method was proposed to regulate pyrolysis volatiles to flow in an expected direction and to match their secondary reactions to flow/transfer fields in the reactor.A new technology of solid heat carrier pyrolysis was further developed on moving bed reactor with particularly designed internals to overcome challenges for small-size oil shale pyrolysis

including low oil yield

high contents of dust

and heavy components.In such internal-structured moving bed reactor

pyrolysis volatiles flew laterally across particle bed in order to realize in-bed dust removal via filtering and in-situ oil upgrade through ash-involved selective secondary reactions.A 10 kg·h-1 laboratory setup built to assess the new solid heat carrier pyrolysis technology adopting internal-structured moving bed showed shale oil product at high yield and high quality from small-size oil shale.The results presented a good application prospective of the proposed pyrolysis reactor and process.