Intelligent optimization algorithms have been playing an increasing role in dynamic optimization
due to advantages of wide applicability and strong global searching capability. Biogeography-based learning particle swarm optimization (BLPSO) was proposed for dynamic optimization problems (DOPs) by hybridizing biogeography-based and particle swarm optimization. BLPSO employed a new biogeography-based learning approach for construction of learning examples by ranking of particles (i.e.
the quality of particles) and dimension as unit
such that learning efficiency was enhanced. Control vector parameterization first converted DOPs into nonlinear programming problems which were then solved by BLPSO. The simulation results on typical DOPs with non-differentiable
multi-modal and multi-variable characteristics show that BLPSO has outstanding solution precision and convergence speed.