Simulation study of spray interference in liquid nitrogen array nozzle cooling

ZHANG Sibo; LIU Chong; CHEN Jianye; GUAN Wangfeng; GONG Ziqiao; XIE Junlong

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20260662

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Simulation study of spray interference in liquid nitrogen array nozzle cooling

更新时间：2026-08-13

- Simulation study of spray interference in liquid nitrogen array nozzle cooling
- CIESC Journal (2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院，湖北武汉 430074
  2.民政部一零一研究所，北京 100070
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.11949/0438-1157.20260662
  CLC： TK124
- Received：13 May 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-08-08，
  
  Accepted：13 August 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
ZHANG Sibo, LIU Chong, CHEN Jianye, et al. Simulation study of spray interference in liquid nitrogen array nozzle cooling[J/OL]. CIESC Journal, 2026.
DOI：

ZHANG Sibo, LIU Chong, CHEN Jianye, et al. Simulation study of spray interference in liquid nitrogen array nozzle cooling[J/OL]. CIESC Journal, 2026. DOI： 10.11949/0438-1157.20260662.

摘要

为揭示多喷嘴液氮冷却交汇区的喷雾干涉机制，基于Eulerian-Lagrangian框架建立了8喷嘴阵列的全尺寸数值模型，引入局部动量通量比作为量化指标，对比分析了顺排与叉排两种拓扑在35~80mm喷射高度下的流场特征与传热性能。结果表明：在低高度（

≤50mm）时，两种排布均能维持良好均匀性；当高度增至65mm时，顺排阵列交汇区动量通量比增至0.5附近，相邻横流正面碰撞从而诱发向上反流阻断液滴穿透路径，表面温度非均匀度恶化至0.52K；而叉排阵列凭借错位排布构建斜向泄流通道，将动量通量比峰值抑制在0.4以下，表面温度非均匀度降至0.40K。继续升高至80mm时，叉排阵列表面温度非均匀度进一步降至0.20K，传热系数较顺排高出约28%。研究证实，封闭排布会引发动量堆积与排气受限，引入局部动量通量比可有效量化干涉强度，为阵列拓扑优化提供直接判据。

Abstract

To elucidate the spray interference mechanisms within the impingement zones of multi-nozzle liquid nitrogen spray cooling

a full-scale numerical model of an 8-nozzle array was established under the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework. The local momentum flux ratio was introduced as a quantitative metric to characterize the interference intensity. Flow field characteristics and heat transfer performance of both in-line and staggered configurations were compared at nozzle-to-surface distances ranging from 35 to 80 mm. Results indicate that at lower heights (

≤50 mm)

both configurations maintain satisfactory temperature uniformity. As the height increases to 65 mm

the in-line array experiences a sharp rise in momentum flux ratio within the impingement zone

reaching peak values near 0.5. The head-on collision of adjacent crossflows generates a stagnation point and induces upward counterflow

which impedes droplet penetration and elevates the surface temperature non-uniformity to 0.52 K. In contrast

the staggered configuration creates oblique venting channels due to its offset arrangement

suppressing the peak momentum flux ratio below 0.4 and reducing surface temperature non-uniformity to 0.40 K. At a height of 80 mm

the staggered array further lowers surface temperature non-uniformity to 0.20 K while achieving a heat transfer coefficient approximately 28% higher than that of the in-line array. The findings demonstrate that the performance reversal in impingement zones originates from momentum accumulation and restricted venting inherent to closed packing patterns. The introduced momentum flux ratio

provides an effective quantitative descriptor of interference intensity

offering a direct criterion for array topology optimization.

关键词

Keywords

references

薛绒 , 阮一逍 , 赖欢 , 等 . 低温风洞大空间液氮喷雾冷却数值模拟分析 [J ] . 低温工程 , 2019 ( 1 ): 35 - 40 .

Xue R , Ruan Y X , Lai H , et al . Numerical simulation of liquid nitrogen spray cooling in cryogenic wind tunnel [J ] . Cryogenics , 2019 ( 1 ): 35 - 40 .

刘秀芳 , 钟昕 , 李梦京 , 等 . 大冷量相变喷雾冷却的实验研究 [J ] . 低温与超导 , 2012 , 40 ( 1 ): 47 - 52 .

Liu X F , Zhong X , Li M J , et al . Experimental study on large cooling load phase change spray cooling [J ] . Cryogenics & Superconductivity , 2012 , 40 ( 1 ): 47 - 52 .

黄翔 , 李潼 , 褚俊杰 . 算力时代数据中心液冷与蒸发冷的融合发展 [J ] . 制冷与空调 , 2026 , 26 ( 3 ): 23 - 32 .

Huang X , Li T , Chu J J . The integration development of evaporative cooling and liquid cooling in the era of computing power [J ] . Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning , 2026 , 26 ( 3 ): 23 - 32 .

Kim J . Spray cooling heat transfer: The state of the art [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow , 2007 , 28 ( 4 ): 753 - 767 .

付鑫 , 任小军 , 张鹏 , 等 . 多孔表面的液氮池沸腾实验研究 [J ] . 低温与超导 , 2014 , 42 ( 8 ): 21 - 25 .

Fu X , Ren X J , Zhang P , et al . Experimental research on pool boiling of liquid nitrogen on porous surfaces [J ] . Cryogenics & Superconductivity , 2014 , 42 ( 8 ): 21 - 25 .

冯彪 . 基于液氮冷却的无人机燃油-环控系统热量管理研究 [D ] . 哈尔滨 : 哈尔滨工程大学 , 2022 .

Feng B . Research on heat management of UAV fuel environment control system based on liquid nitrogen cooling [D ] . Harbin : Harbin Engineering University , 2022 .

Sehmbey M S , Chow L C , Hahn O J , et al . Spray cooling of power electronics at cryogenic temperatures [J ] . Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer , 1995 , 9 ( 1 ): 123 - 128 .

Xie J L , Tan Y B , Wong T N , et al . Multi-nozzle array spray cooling for large area high power devices in a closed loop system [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2014 , 78 : 1177 - 1186 .

刘先龙 , 张建军 , 陈雪晴 , 等 . 飞行器低气压环境对液氮喷雾冷却性能的影响机制 [J ] . 装备环境工程 , 2025 , 22 ( 6 ): 37 - 43 .

Liu X L , Zhang J J , Chen X Q , et al . Effect mechanism of low pressure environment on the cooling performance of liquid nitrogen spray in the aircraft [J ] . Equipment Environmental Engineering , 2025 , 22 ( 6 ): 37 - 43 .

赵庆凯 , 陈峙 , 马占江 , 等 . 液氮喷雾冷却过程中的传热规律及试验分析 [J ] . 热能动力工程 , 2026 , 41 ( 3 ): 95 - 103 .

Zhao Q K , Chen Z , Ma Z J , et al . Heat transfer mechanisms and experimental analysis in liquid nitrogen spray cooling process [J ] . Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power , 2026 , 41 ( 3 ): 95 - 103 .

李晓阳 , 李东 , 陶明磊 , 等 . 多喷嘴喷雾冷却表面传热特性实验研究 [J ] . 化工学报 , 2024 , 75 ( 1 ): 231 - 241 .

Li X Y , Li D , Tao M L , et al . Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of multi nozzle spray cooling surface [J ] . CIESC Journal , 2024 , 75 ( 1 ): 231 - 241 .

薛绒 , 曹锋 , 刘炅辉 , 等 . 多喷嘴阵列喷雾冷却技术的研究进展 [J ] . 制冷与空调 , 2015 , 15 ( 1 ): 13 - 17 .

Xue R , Cao F , Liu J H , et al . Research progress of multiple-nozzle arrays spray cooling technology [J ] . Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning , 2015 , 15 ( 1 ): 13 - 17 .

Pautsch A G , Shedd T A . Spray impingement cooling with single- and multiple-nozzle arrays. Part I: Heat transfer data using FC-72 [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2005 , 48 ( 15 ): 3167 - 3175 .

Martin H . Heat and mass transfer between impinging gas jets and solid surfaces [J ] . Advances in Heat Transfer , 1977 , 13 : 1 - 60 .

Al-Sanea S . A numerical study of the flow and heattransfer characteristics of an impinging laminar slot-jet including crossflow effects [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 1992 , 35 ( 10 ): 2501 - 2513 .

Dano B P , Liburdy J A , Kanokjaruvijit K . Flow characteristics and heat transfer performances of a semi-confined impinging array of jets: Effect of nozzle geometry [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2005 , 48 ( 3-4 ): 691 - 701 .

She Y , Jiang Y , Zhou N , et al . Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling of liquid nitrogen [J ] . Heat Transfer Research , 2021 , 52 ( 5 ): 27 - 44 .

Silk E A , Kim J , Kiger K . Spray cooling of enhanced surfaces: Impact of structured surface geometry and spray axis inclination [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2006 , 49 ( 25-26 ): 4910 - 4920 .

Liu X L , Du C H , Zhu J W , et al . Numerical investigation of liquid nitrogen spray cooling under low ambient pressure [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2024 , 233 : 126048 .

Chen Q S , Zhang Q R , Wang C , et al . Numerical study of spray cooling: The effect of nozzle arrangement on heat transfer performance [J ] . International Journal of Multiphase Flow , 2026 , 196 : 105561 .

Hou Y , Tao Y J , Huai X L . The effects of micro-structured surfaces on multi-nozzle spray cooling [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2014 , 62 ( 2 ): 613 - 621 .

Broumand M , Birouk M . Liquid jet in a subsonic gaseous crossflow: Recent progress and remaining challenges [J ] . Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , 2016 , 57 : 1 - 29 .

王为术 , 任坤朋 , 牛靖尊 , 等 . 阵列喷嘴干冰喷雾冷却特性数值研究 [J ] . 低温与超导 , 2022 , 50 ( 4 ): 58 - 64, 94 .

Wang W S , Ren K P , Niu J Z , et al . Numerical study on characteristics of dry ice sublimation spray with array nozzles [J ] . Cryogenics & Superconductivity , 2022 , 50 ( 4 ): 58 - 64, 94 .

胡白梅 , 左建国 . 液氮喷雾超快速冷却的数值模拟研究 [J ] . 节能 , 2022 , 41 ( 6 ): 40 - 43 .

Hu B M , Zuo J G . Numerical simulation study on ultra-fast cooling of liquid nitrogen spray [J ] . Energy Conservation , 2022 , 41 ( 6 ): 40 - 43 .

Mundo C H R , Tropea C , Sommerfeld M . Numerical and experimental investigation of spray characteristics in the vicinity of a rigid Wall [J ] . Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science , 1997 , 15 ( 3 ): 228 - 237 .

Cai C , Liu H , Jia M , et al . Numerical investigation on heat transfer of water spray cooling from single-phase to nucleate boiling region [J ] . International Journal of Thermal Sciences , 2020 , 151 : 106258 .

唐川林 , 刁柯盈 , 李豪志 . IGBT散热模块流道与翅针结构的优化设计 [J ] . 轻工机械 , 2026 , 44 ( 1 ): 44 - 51, 59 .

Tang C L , Diao K Y , Li H Z . Optimization design of flow channel and pin-fin structures in IGBT heat dissipation module [J ] . Light Industry Machinery , 2026 , 44 ( 1 ): 44 - 51, 59 .

李青松 , 高亦飞 , 汪立军 , 等 . 大能量窄脉宽风冷MOPA激光器研究 [J ] . 激光与红外 , 2024 , 54 ( 7 ): 1022 - 1027 .

Li Q S , Gao Y F , Wang L J , et al . Research on high energy narrow pulse width air-cooled MOPA laser [J ] . Laser & Infrared , 2024 , 54 ( 7 ): 1022 - 1027 .

张华辉 , 杜双松 , 丁开忠 , 等 . 高温超导聚变装置氦气循环冷却系统设计与研究 [J ] . 低温与超导 , 2026 , 54 ( 1 ): 76 - 81 .

Zhang H H , Du S S , Ding K Z , et al . Design and research of helium circulation cooling system for HTS fusion device [J ] . Cryogenics & Superconductivity , 2026 , 54 ( 1 ): 76 - 81 .

Yang X S , Zhao W , Zhao Q J , et al . Numerical and experimental study on heat transfer performance and surface temperature nonuniformity improvement in liquid nitrogen spray cooling [J ] . ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2026 , 148 : 012301 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Research progress on heat transfer enhancement mechanism of spray cooling technology

Experimental investigation on spray cooling heat transfer enhancement by n-pentanol additive

Heat transfer capacity of spray cooling under vibration environment

Optimization of diagnostic method for liquid film dynamics in spray cooling and heat transfer characteristics analysis

Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of multi nozzle spray cooling surface

Related Author

SUN Rui

WANG Junfeng

XU Haojie

LI Bufa

XU Yaxian

CHEN Han

CAI Chang

LIU Hong

Related Institution

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University

Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology

Aircraft and Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Beihang University

College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University

School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

⁰