Experimental study on battery thermal management in low-temperature environments

LI Yaohui; LIU Lulu; ZHOU Shoujun; TIAN Yongsheng; WANG Chicheng; WANG Jiayi

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20260628

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Experimental study on battery thermal management in low-temperature environments

更新时间：2026-06-22

- Experimental study on battery thermal management in low-temperature environments
- CIESC Journal (2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  山东建筑大学热能工程学院，山东济南 250101
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.11949/0438-1157.20260628
  CLC： TK 124
- Received：04 May 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-06-19，
  
  Accepted：22 June 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
LI Yaohui, LIU Lulu, ZHOU Shoujun, et al. Experimental study on battery thermal management in low-temperature environments[J/OL]. CIESC Journal, 2026.
DOI：

LI Yaohui, LIU Lulu, ZHOU Shoujun, et al. Experimental study on battery thermal management in low-temperature environments[J/OL]. CIESC Journal, 2026. DOI： 10.11949/0438-1157.20260628.

摘要

针对锂离子电池低温环境下电化学性能衰减及析锂风险，构建基于复合相变材料（CPCM）与“四段式”烧结热管耦合的模拟电池热管理实验系统。在不同放电倍率（1C、2C、3C）及环境温度（-5℃、-10℃、-15℃）下，测试系统的高温散热、低温静置保温及预热性能。结果表明：放电阶段各倍率下电池最高温度均未超过45℃；低温静置阶段，高倍率放电后CPCM发生明显相变，显著延缓电池降温。热管传热方向逆转导致电池降温速度快于CPCM，形成明显温差。预热实验中，35℃为最佳预热温度，继续升温缩短时间有限但能耗增加。对比纯热管系统，由于PCM未达23℃相变温度，仅提供有限显热缓冲，对升降温速率影响不显著。该耦合系统在不同放电倍率及低温环境下均表现出良好的控温与保温能力。

Abstract

To address the electrochemical performance degradation and lithium plating risks of lithium-ion batteries operating in low-temperature environments

a battery thermal management simulation experimental system coupled with composite phase change materials (CPCMs) and four-stage sintered heat pipes was established. The high-temperature heat dissipation

low-temperature static thermal insulation

and preheating performances of the system were tested under various discharge rates (1C

and 3C) and ambient temperatures (−5 ℃

−10 ℃

and −15 ℃). The experimental results indicate that the maximum battery temperature remains below 45 ℃ at all tested discharge rates during the discharging process. In the low-temperature static stage

the CPCM undergoes substantial phase transition after high-rate discharge

which effectively delays the battery temperature drop. The reversed heat transfer direction of the heat pipes accelerates the battery cooling rate compared with the CPCM

resulting in a notable temperature difference between them. Preheating experiments verify that 35 ℃ is the optimal preheating temperature. Further temperature elevation only achieves a marginal reduction in preheating time while increasing energy consumption. In comparison with the pure heat pipe system

the PCM with a phase transition temperature of 23 ℃ fails to reach its phase change state under the working conditions

providing only limited sensible heat buffering and exerting no significant influence on heating and cooling rates. The proposed coupled system demonstrates excellent temperature regulation and thermal insulation performance across different discharge rates and low-temperature operating conditions.

关键词

Keywords

references

Rashidi S , Karimi N , Sunden B , et al . Progress and challenges on the thermal management of electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies: Fuel cells, electrolysers, and supercapacitors [J ] . Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , 2022 , 88 : 100966 .

Jie L , Zhang J K , Fan Y , et al . A review of composite phase change materials used in battery thermal management systems [J ] . Journal of Energy Storage , 2025 , 112 : 115579 .

朱信龙 , 王均毅 , 潘加爽 , 等 . 集装箱储能系统热管理系统的现状及发展 [J ] . 储能科学与技术 , 2022 , 11 ( 1 ): 107 - 118 .

Zhu X L , Wang J Y , Pan J S , et al . Present situation and development of thermal management system for battery energy storage system [J ] . Energy Storage Science and Technology , 2022 , 11 ( 1 ): 107 - 118 .

Wu W X , Wang S F , Wu W , et al . A critical review of battery thermal performance and liquid based battery thermal management [J ] . Energy Conversion and Management , 2019 , 182 : 262 - 281 .

Wu W X , Yang X Q , Zhang G Q , et al . Experimental investigation on the thermal performance of heat pipe-assisted phase change material based battery thermal management system [J ] . Energy Conversion and Management , 2017 , 138 : 486 - 492 .

Alihosseini A , Shafaee M . Experimental study and numerical simulation of a Lithium-ion battery thermal management system using a heat pipe [J ] . Journal of Energy Storage , 2021 , 39 : 102616 .

Feng X N , Lu L G , Ouyang M G , et al . A 3D thermal runaway propagation model for a large format lithium ion battery module [J ] . Energy , 2016 , 115 : 194 - 208 .

Kong D P , Wang G Q , Ping P , et al . Numerical investigation of thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion batteries with different battery materials and heating conditions [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2021 , 189 : 116661 .

Jiang Z Y , Qu Z G . Lithium–ion battery thermal management using heat pipe and phase change material during discharge–charge cycle: a comprehensive numerical study [J ] . Applied Energy , 2019 , 242 : 378 - 392 .

Kuznetsov G V , Kravchenko E V . Evaluation of the limiting conditions for operation of a large electrochemical energy storage system [J ] . Journal of Energy Storage , 2023 , 65 : 107384 .

Liu X H , Ai W L , Naylor Marlow M , et al . The effect of cell-to-cell variations and thermal gradients on the performance and degradation of lithium-ion battery packs [J ] . Applied Energy , 2019 , 248 : 489 - 499 .

Shabani B , Biju M . Theoretical modelling methods for thermal management of batteries [J ] . Energies , 2015 , 8 ( 9 ): 10153 - 10177 .

施尚 , 余建祖 , 陈梦东 , 等 . 基于泡沫铜/石蜡的锂电池热管理系统性能 [J ] . 化工学报 , 2017 , 68 ( 7 ): 2678 - 2683 .

Shi S , Yu J Z , Chen M D , et al . Battery thermal management system using phase change materials and foam copper [J ] . CIESC Journal , 2017 , 68 ( 7 ): 2678 - 2683 .

Kim J , Oh J , Lee H . Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2019 , 149 : 192 - 212 .

Mane N S , Said Z , Almuzaiqer R , et al . Hybrid phase change material techniques for battery thermal management in electric vehicles: a comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis [J ] . Energy Reports , 2025 , 14 : 4415 - 4436 .

Wang H C , Guo Y H , Ren Y , et al . Investigation of the thermal management potential of phase change material for lithium-ion battery [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2024 , 236 : 121590 .

Seraji P , Shahbazi H , Ncube M K , et al . Stabilizing lithium superoxide formation in lithium-air batteries by Janus chalcogenide catalysts [J ] . Nano Energy , 2025 , 134 : 110510 .

Gao C , Sun K , Song K W , et al . Performance improvement of a thermal management system for Lithium-ion power battery pack by the combination of phase change material and heat pipe [J ] . Journal of Energy Storage , 2024 , 82 : 110512 .

Lv Y F , Luo W M , Li C C , et al . Experimental and numerical simulation study on the integrated thermal management system for electric vehicles [J ] . Journal of Energy Storage , 2023 , 70 : 107895 .

陈华富 . 基于复合相变材料的锂离子电池低温热管理系统性能及结构优化研究 [D ] . 兰州 : 兰州理工大学 , 2023 .

Chen H F . Performance and structural optimization of low-temperature thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries based on composite phase change materials [D ] . Lanzhou : Lanzhou University of Technology , 2023 .

E J Q , Qin Y S , Zhang B , et al . Effects of heating film and phase change material on preheating performance of the lithium-ion battery pack with large capacity under low temperature environment [J ] . Energy , 2023 , 284 : 129280 .

Abd H M , Khalifa A H N , Hamad A J . Experimental comparison of the Li-ion battery thermal management systems using a new hybrid model of flat heat pipe coupled with phase change materials [J ] . Journal of Energy Storage , 2024 , 84 : 110963 .

Hu Z M , Peng Y Z , Lv Y F , et al . Battery thermal management under all-climate conditions based on phase change materials and heat pipes: a numerical simulation study [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2025 , 268 : 125913 .

Liu F F , Lan F C , Chen J Q , et al . Experimental investigation on cooling/heating characteristics of ultra-thin micro heat pipe for electric vehicle battery thermal management [J ] . Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering , 2018 , 31 ( 1 ): 53 .

Cheng J P , Shuai S L , Zhao R C , et al . Numerical analysis of heat-pipe-based battery thermal management system for prismatic lithium-ion batteries [J ] . Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications , 2022 , 14 ( 8 ): 081008 .

Dong T , Peng P , Jiang F M . Numerical modeling and analysis of the thermal behavior of NCM lithium-ion batteries subjected to very high C-rate discharge/charge operations [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2018 , 117 : 261 - 272 .

Zhao H W , Su H , Yang S Y , et al . Thermal management of 500 Ah large-capacity lithium-ion battery and module with composite phase-change materials and heat pipes: an experimental and simulation study [J ] . Journal of Energy Storage , 2025 , 125 : 116862 .

陈万宇 , 毛征宇 , 常利军 , 等 . 方型锂电池模组热特性实验与仿真研究 [J ] . 重庆理工大学学报(自然科学) , 2023 , 37 ( 7 ): 184 - 191 .

Chen W Y , Mao Z Y , Chang L J , et al . Experimental and simulation research on thermal characteristic of square lithium battery modules [J ] . Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) , 2023 , 37 ( 7 ): 184 - 191 .

Chang L J , Chen W Y , Mao Z Y , et al . Experimental study on the effect of ambient temperature and discharge rate on the temperature field of prismatic batteries [J ] . Journal of Energy Storage , 2023 , 59 : 106577 .

朱先宇 , 孙钱行 , 周守军 , 等 . 复合相变材料耦合微槽平板热管的电池热管理实验研究 [J ] . 化工学报 , 2025 , 76 ( 6 ): 2652 - 2666 .

Zhu X Y , Sun Q X , Zhou S J , et al . Experimental study on battery thermal management of composite phase change materials coupled with micro grooves flat heat pipes [J ] . CIESC Journal , 2025 , 76 ( 6 ): 2652 - 2666 .

Zhu X Y , Zhou S J , Wang C C , et al . Experimental study on battery thermal management of CPCM coupled with micro-grooves flat heat pipe at low temperature [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2025 , 269 : 126123 .

Zhou S J , Wang C C , Tian Y S , et al . Numerical study on the heat dissipation characteristics of the circulation in a composite thermal management system [J ] . Energy Technology , 2026 , 14 ( 2 ): e202502153 .

杜江龙 , 杨雯棋 , 黄凯 , 等 . 复合相变材料/空冷复合式锂离子电池模块散热性能 [J ] . 化工学报 , 2023 , 74 ( 2 ): 674 - 689 .

Du J L , Yang W Q , Huang K , et al . Heat dissipation performance of the module combined CPCM with air cooling for lithium-ion batteries [J ] . CIESC Journal , 2023 , 74 ( 2 ): 674 - 689 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Experimental study of cooling discharging characteristics of the energy storage system filled with MPCM slurry

Heat transfer characteristics of water flowing along icicle at low Reynolds number

Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement by pressure waves in cross flow tube bundles

Study on enhanced pool boiling heat transfer based on self-driven jet device

Progress of solar photo-thermo-catalysis for ammonia synthesis and decomposition under mild conditions

Related Author

Lingshuai BU

Zhiguo QU

Hongtao XU

Man JIN

MENG Fankang

CHU Qi

WANG Jinli

Zhiguo QU

Related Institution

School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology

Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University

School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University

Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’ an Jiaotong University, Xi’ an

School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University

⁰