Thermal runaway propagation characteristics of 18650-type lithium-ion cells with different cathode materials under homogeneous and mixed arrangements

YANG Ruiqiao; YANG Hongyu; QIAN Weijia; XUAN Tiemin; HE Zhixia; LIU Lei

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20260025

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Thermal runaway propagation characteristics of 18650-type lithium-ion cells with different cathode materials under homogeneous and mixed arrangements

更新时间：2026-05-11

- Thermal runaway propagation characteristics of 18650-type lithium-ion cells with different cathode materials under homogeneous and mixed arrangements
- CIESC Journal Pages: 1-12(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.江苏大学能源与动力工程学院，江苏镇江 212013
  2.中汽研汽车检验中心（常州）有限公司，江苏常州 213000
  3.江苏大学能源研究院，江苏镇江 212013
  4.江苏省光储充检一体化研发应用工程技术研究中心，江苏常州 213000
  5.中汽研新能源汽车检验中心（天津）有限公司，天津 300300
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.11949/0438-1157.20260025
  CLC： TM 912
- Received：07 January 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-30，
  
  Online First：11 May 2026，
- 稿件说明：
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杨瑞乔, 杨洪宇, 钱伟佳, 玄铁民, 何志霞, 刘磊. 不同正极材料18650型锂离子电池混合排布下的热失控传播特性研究[J]. 化工学报,

YANG Ruiqiao, YANG Hongyu, QIAN Weijia, XUAN Tiemin, HE Zhixia, LIU Lei. Thermal runaway propagation characteristics of 18650-type lithium-ion cells with different cathode materials under homogeneous and mixed arrangements[J]. CIESC Journal,
杨瑞乔, 杨洪宇, 钱伟佳, 玄铁民, 何志霞, 刘磊. 不同正极材料18650型锂离子电池混合排布下的热失控传播特性研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI： 10.11949/0438-1157.20260025

YANG Ruiqiao, YANG Hongyu, QIAN Weijia, XUAN Tiemin, HE Zhixia, LIU Lei. Thermal runaway propagation characteristics of 18650-type lithium-ion cells with different cathode materials under homogeneous and mixed arrangements[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI： 10.11949/0438-1157.20260025

摘要

面向三元镍钴锰酸锂（Li（Ni

）O

，NCM）与磷酸铁锂（LiFePO

，LFP）电芯互补应用需求，针对不同正极材料电芯相邻布置条件下热失控传播规律缺乏实验数据的问题，选取商用18650圆柱电芯NCM与LFP搭建1×3紧密线性热耦合平台。在100%荷电状态（state of charge，SOC）下以40W恒功率触发首节热失控，结合温度、质量与视频对比6种排布的传播行为。结果显示，同质NCM模组发生连续热失控，三节峰值温度超过630℃且质量损失大于35%；同质LFP模组热失控多局限于首节，邻近电芯温升与质量损失较小。混合排布中，LFP置于中间仅升温并有限排气，表现出明显的隔热作用并抑制向下游NCM的传热；LFP置于末端时，在两节NCM连续失控产生的热负荷叠加作用下可被诱发热失控（峰值约320℃、质量损失约8%），但未引起进一步传播。本研究为混合正极材料模组的布置优化与被动防护设计提供实验依据。

Abstract

To meet the complementary application needs of nickel-cobalt-manganese (Li(Ni

NCM) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO

LFP) cells

this study addresses the lack of experimental data on thermal runaway propagation i

n adjacent arrangements of cells with different cathode materials. Commercial 18650 cylindrical NCM and LFP cells were assembled into a 1×3 tightly packed

linearly thermally coupled platform. At 100% state of charge (SOC)

thermal runaway was initiated in the first cell using a constant heating power of 40 W. Temperature evolution

mass loss

and video recordings were jointly analyzed to compare propagation behaviors under six configurations. The results show that the homogeneous NCM module underwent successive thermal runaway

with peak temperatures exceeding 630℃ and mass loss greater than 35% for all three cells. In contrast

the homogeneous LFP module exhibited thermal runaway largely confined to the first cell

with limited temperature rise and mass loss in neighboring cells. For mixed configurations

when the LFP cell was placed in the middle position

it only heated up with limited venting

providing an evident thermal insulation effect and suppressing heat transfer to the downstream NCM cell. When the LFP cell was placed at the end position

it could be triggered into thermal runaway by the superposed thermal load generated by successive thermal runaway of two upstream NCM cells (

max

≈320℃; mass loss of about 8%)

but no further propagation occurred. These findings provide experimental evidence for layout optimization and passive protection design of modules incorporating mixed cathode materials.

关键词

Keywords

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