The gas-liquid phase equilibrium experimental system based on the isochoric saturation method in the laboratory was improved. The visual equilibrium cell, thermostatic system and magnetic stirring system were modified. In order to check the reliability and accuracy of the new system, the phase equilibrium of carbon dioxide and pentaerythritol tetrahexanoate was measured at 303.15 K, the absolute average deviation was 0.95% and the maximum deviation was 2.01% compared with the reference data. The expanded uncertainties of temperature, pressure and mole fraction are 0.03 K, 2.0 kPa, and 3.0%, respectively. Phase equilibria behavior of trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and squalane was determined at temperature range from 283.15 K to 348.15 K. The experimental data were correlated with Peng-Robinson equation of state and van der Waals mixing rule using two interaction parameters. The absolute average deviation between experimental data and calculated values for pressure was 0.88%, and the maximum deviation was 3.80%. In addition, the immiscibility phenomenon for trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and squalane mixtures was found in the temperature range from 283.15 K to 333.15 K.

A new barium hydroxide octahydrate composite phase-change material with melting point of 78℃ was developed, and its super cooling degree was reduced by 3-5℃ with the nucleating additive and its thermal conductivity can be enhanced by 11.7% combined with nanotechnology. Heat release characteristics of the new material were investigated on the experimental solar photovoltaic/photo-thermal (PV/T) collectors with cascade heat storage through paraffin wax, water and the new material. The system experimental results show that the new material has no super cooling and performs stable during phase-change. Under the circumstances that the water flow is 90 L·h^-1 and the environment temperature is 20℃, the solar collecting system can effectively store solar energy and water temperature can be maintained above 50℃ for more than 60 min, and meanwhile in the first 20 min, the outlet hot water temperature is above 70℃. Thus, the solar energy storage system can reduce the solar cell temperature, and at the same time meet the requirements of daily life.

Liquefaction and solidification are two common phenomena in engineering fluid systems. The low temperatures of the boiling point and melting point of cryogenic fluids make it relatively difficult to observe the liquefaction and solidification processes under controlled conditions. An experimental setup for visualization of such processes has been designed and fabricated to capture the moments of the vapor-liquid and liquid-solid phase transition of nitrogen (44-80 K), argon (50-90 K) and oxygen (50-90 K), based on a G-M cryocooler as the cold source. The experimental results showed that these three cryogenic fluids behave considerably different during the solidification process.

An energy minimization and multi-scale model, bubble-based EMMS/PFB, was established for pressurized fluidized-bed, based on methods of multi-scale decomposition and energy consumption analysis in combination with bubble diameter correlation to conical distributor. The model was used to simulate a 2D pressurized jetting fluidized-bed and to study influence of operating parameters such as operating pressure, bubble location, porosity and residual velocity on heterogeneous index. Comparison of simulation results to experimental data, it was showed that the new model provided better accuracy than the Gidaspow model in prediction of solid particle concentration distribution and change of particle velocity adjacent to wall above the distributor. Dense section simulation of a pressurized fluidized-bed by the new drag model yielded prediction of instantaneous and time-averaged axial distributions of particle concentration and particle velocity distribution. The simulation could make it available to visualize gas-solid flow behavior at dense section and provide guidance for design and industrial scale-up of pressurized fluidized-beds.

To study vortex characteristics in cyclone separator, advanced RNG k-ε turbulence model was applied to numerical simulation of strongly rotational gas flow in cyclone separators with single volute inlet. In addition, Q criterion was used to identify vortex structure and to plot more obvious and highly detailed 3D iso-surface of vortex structure. The results showed that equivalent diameter of Q criterion iso-surface was large in upper cylinder and became smaller downward along the axis, indicating gradual decay of vortex-carrying energy. The vorticity iso-surface was not distributed regularly but distorted around central axis. Because of friction resistance, vorticity magnitude decreased sharply and energy lost rapidly near the wall. Furthermore, the deviation of vortex core center from geometric center exhibited a trending process of enlarging in the upper cyclone cylinder, decreasing downward along the axis gradually, and stabilizing eventually at the bottom of the cyclone cylinder. In this process, vortex developed rapidly, sometimes even ruptured, which caused loss of dynamic energy. Therefore, measures to enhance balance of vortex structure were conducive to reduce energy loss, to curb flow instability, and to increase separation efficiency.

Based on the outstanding organic compatibility and the micro spherical morphology of polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) microspheres, BEM/PMSQ hybrid pour point depressant was prepared by melt blending method. Then, the effect of BEM/PMSQ hybrid pour point depressant on the pour point, viscoelasticity, viscosity and yield value of Qinghai waxy crude oil was evaluated by rheological experiment and the morphology of wax crystals was observed by the polarizing microscope. The results showed that the pour point of the undoped crude oil was 27.0℃; compared with the same dosage of the neat BEM (100 μg·g^-1), BEM/PMSQ 2% hybrid pour point depressant has the best performance, which can further reduce the pour point of 6.0℃, the gelation point of 4.3℃, the apparent viscosity of 39.0% and G' of 62.0%. The dispersion state of PMSQ microspheres and BEM/PMSQ hybrid pour point depressant in the dodecane showed that BEM were adsorbed on the surface of PMSQ microspheres, and acted as the wax crystal nucleation templates in the crude oil, thus resulting in the formation of the compact wax crystal structure and coating with less liquid oil, so as to improve the rheology of crude oil.

The effects of brominated flame retardant and carbon black-filling on the extrusion distortion of PP melt and dynamic rheological properties were investigated by capillary rheometer and rotational rheometer. It was shown that the more filled resin exhibited higher critical shear rate for extrusion distortion corresponding to wider processing window in low filler content range. In dynamic rheometry, the higher filled resins behavior in shear thinning with higher complex viscosity,storage modulus and loss modulus instead of lower loss factor. Quantitative analyses were conducted using entanglement model and Cross model. Filler can absorb polymer chains to reduce wall adsorption dropping distortion and result in higher critical shear rate. Particle filled network increases in the plateau modulus and entanglement density shortening relaxation time for quicker recovering according to smaller extrusion swell ratio. Carbon black more than 3.5%(mass) in composite forms percolation network being characterized by higher zero shear viscosity and longer relaxation time where liquid-solid-like transition occurs. Simultaneously, the surface resistivity decreased obviously. The viscoelastic percolation value consistent with the electrical percolation value approximately.

Slug flow separation, a traditional process in biochemical and pharmaceutical industries, is a valid method to control two-phase flow patterns and enhance heat transfer. The fundamental to study evolution mechanism of two-phase flow patterns is to understand development rules of local parameters by numeric simulation of drainage on micro-channel walls and modulation process of slug flow. The VOF model coupling with dynamic grid adaption was chosen to precisely track gas liquid interface, to simulate movement of the interface at split, and to acquire hydrostatic and dynamic pressure evolution along axial direction and at wall. Results indicated that piston-like movement of bubbles at split was critical to slug flow separation in micro channels. Because of the presence of Laplacian pressure drop at the interface, pressure drop of slug flow was discontinuous with a periodic wavy variation following the interface piston-like movement. The overall pressure drop of slug flow was influenced by local pressure drop at liquid bridge region. Significant pressure drop near bubble head while minimal pressure drop near bubble tail where liquid flow rate was reduced. Such pressure drop characteristics of slug flow is distinguished from other two phase flows.

With the theory of aerodynamics, the efficient gas wave condensation graph was established. To optimize the gas wave condensation graph and estimate the internal structure parameters of the device, the two-dimensional periodic boundary model was adapted and the ideal gas as the medium was used to numerical simulate the flow and temperature field of the efficient gas wave condensation separator. The thermodynamic model of condensing system was established and its thermodynamic properties were analyzed. At the same time, the experimental platform was built, and the main parameters of the device were studied. The experimental results shows:by using the shock wave to recycle the pressure energy of the high pressure admission, the pressure energy of the drying gas can be highly recovered. By recycling the cooling capacity of the drying gas and pre-cooling the next high pressure admission circulation, the lower condensation temperature can be obtained. The refrigeration efficiency of this device exists the single-valued optimal point. The internal expansion efficiency of efficient gas wave condensation is about 63% and the maximum of the drying gas pressure can be recovered to 90%, which decreases with the increase of the pressure ratio.

In order to assess the mixing performance of multiphase flow disturbed by bubble swarms in direct-contact boiling heat transfer process, a novel technique based on image processing technique and pixel discrepancy theory was proposed to test and measure the mixing uniformity of complex fluids. The gray scale matrix of bubbles RGB image was used to calculate discrepancy. The mixed state of gas-liquid in direct-contact heat transfer was characterized accurately and quantitatively. The values reflect the distribution status of bubbles swarm. Different mixing uniformity of multiphase flow systems have different mixing time. Pixel discrepancy time series were employed for normality test and chaotic detection. It is found that the data is approximate normal distribution and the whole mixing processes are chaotic. A simple method was used to solve a complicated problem that the quantification and characterization of bubbles behavior under the complicated condition. The alternative route brings new insights to study multiphase flow identification and can act as a guide to enhancing the chaotic behavior of systems.

Based on flow-injection analysis (FIA) and reaction systems of Mo(Ⅵ)-ascorbic acid and Co(Ⅱ)-KSCN, a new FIA system was proposed for simultaneous determination of high-concentration CoO/MoO₃ in impregnation solutions. It was found that reaction products of Co(Ⅱ) and KSCN were K₂Co(SCN)₄ and K₄Co(SCN)₆, which the latter can be used to quantitate Co(Ⅱ). Co(Ⅱ) inhibitory effect on reaction system of Mo(Ⅵ)-ascorbic acid interfered with the determination of Mo(Ⅵ). Such Co(Ⅱ) interference was resolved by adding cobalt nitrate in the chromogenic agent for Mo(Ⅵ) measurement. In addition, testing conditions were optimized for various factors such as constituents and concentrations in chromogenic reagents for determining Co(Ⅱ) or Mo(Ⅵ), sampling volume and reaction temperature. The chromogenic agents for testing Mo(Ⅵ) were consisted of 15% (mass) ascorbic acid, 10 g·L^-1 cobalt nitrate (calculated by CoO) and 0.1 mol·L^-1 sulfuric acid, whereas those for testing Co(Ⅱ) were consisted of 37.5% (mass) KSCN and 0.1 mol·L^-1 NaAc-HAc (pH 5.8). The detection ranges of MoO₃ and CoO were in 10-100 g·L^-1 and 5-50 g·L^-1, and the detection limits for MoO₃ and CoO were 2.1 g·L^-1 and 1.3 g·L^-1, respectively. Relative standard deviation was less than 1.2% (n=11), recovery was in range 98%-104%, and the analysis rate was 20 samples per hour.

It is still important to develop soot oxidation catalysts with excellent activity under low temperature. Ag/Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂ was synthesized via coprecipitation method for soot oxidation. Compared with the catalytic performance of Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂, the introduction of Ag can lead to the decrease of soot-ignition temperature. Moreover, there is an optimal Ag loading. Subsequently, several methods such as XRD, in-situ XRD, BET, TPR were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of Ag-based catalysts. The results showed that the introduction of Ag resulted in decreasing the reduction temperature of surface oxygen species, being due to the interaction of Ag and Ce. The interaction also brings about the occurrence of Ag⁺ nature. And the feature is linked with the outstanding activity of soot oxidation for Ag-based catalyst. Furthermore, the Ag-based catalyst possessed fairly good stability in soot oxidation.

Ice slurry treated with sodium chloride was produced by vacuum method. The feasibility of describing the crystallization behaviors of ice slurry based on the non-isothermal crystallization kinetic model, Jeziorny and Mo method, was theoretically proved. The relationships between the crystallization time and the ice packing fraction (IPF) were measured and the non-isothermal crystallization kinetic equations were developed. Experimental results indicated that the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of ice slurry formation fit the Jeziorny and Mo model very well. The values of the Jeziorny exponent n were between 0.473 and 0.525, indicating that the crystallization mechanisms were almost the same for different experimental conditions and the growth pattern of ice crystals was flake thickening. The change trends of the crystallization kinetic parameters, K_c, the crystallization time, t_0.25, and the cooling rate function, F(T), revealed that high cooling rate was beneficial to promote the formation of ice slurry and sodium chloride inhibited the growth of ice crystals.

A series of silica supported transition metal phosphide catalysts were prepared through isovolumetric impregnation and heat treatment under N₂ protection. Their catalytic performances were evaluated by ethanol yield and reaction kinetics of acetic acid hydrogenation. Results showed that both conversion of acetic acid and ethanol selectivity were gradually increased with reaction temperature increasing from 280℃ to 340℃. With P/Ni molar ratio for catalyst preparation was increased from 2:1 to 4:1, the obtained catalysts exhibited first increase and then decrease in activity and selectivity with optimal performance at P/Ni=3:1. The catalyst prepared by heat treatment at 250℃ had better catalytic performances than those at 200℃ and 300℃. The activity and ethanol selectivity of Ni₂P/SiO₂ catalysts were higher than that of Co₂P/SiO₂ catalysts. Catalysts using sodium hypophosphite as phosphorus supplement had better performance than those of potassium hypophosphite. Under temperature at 340℃, pressure at 2.0 MPa, molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid at 10:1, and WHSV at 0.4 h^-1, acetic acid hydrogenation over Ni₂P/SiO₂ prepared in better conditions showed 100% conversion of acetic acid and 74.56% selectivity of ethanol. In addition, ethanol selectivity could be further improved by appropriate increase of reaction temperature.

The reactive adsorption desulfurization (RADS) of a model gasoline was investigated over a NiO/ZnO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ adsorbent. N₂ and H₂ were used as carrier gases, and their desulfurization results were compared. Results showed that the adsorbent performed well when using N₂ as the carrier gas. Carbon deposition on the surface is the main reason of the drop of desulfurization efficiency. This indicates that NiO could directly react with sulfur compounds in gasoline without the presence of H₂. Results of XRD, H₂-TPR, TOPT and XPS showed that NiO is hard to be reduced under conditions of RADS. RADS process mainly depends on the reaction of NiO and Ni to remove sulfur compounds. At last, a possible RADS mechanism was presented and discussed.

Three kinds of defect micropore models, i.e., random defect, averaged defect and partial defect models, were established based on the defect-free zigzag pore model in carbon membrane. Adsorption and diffusion behaviors of equimolar CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture within pores of carbon membrane were investigated in an effort to discuss the influences of pore defect in carbon membranes on gas separation. Results showed that under the operating temperatures ranging from 273 to 348 K, both equilibrium adsorption capacities and diffusion coefficients of CO₂ and CH₄ in the defect pore models were smaller than those of the defect-free pore model. Total CO₂/CH₄ separation coefficient of the partial defect pore model was relatively low compared with the defect-free pore model and the other two defect pore models. When the temperature was less than 298 K, total separation coefficients of the random defect and averaged defect pore models were greater than the defect-free pore model, and the total separation coefficients of random defect pore model are beneficial to the averaged defect pore model. Random carbon atom deletion approach is more reasonable than average deletion and partial deletion. The results could provide a basis for the further study of gas permeation mechanism in carbon membranes.

Three kinds of ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) were used to remove low concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-naphthalene (Nap), by dynamic adsorption experiments. The adsorption isotherms were fitted with isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips) and kinetic model based on the assumption of constant concentration wave, respectively. The regeneration performance of the adsorbents were analyzed by means of mass loss curve based on the temperature programmed desorption analysis. The results indicated that the static adsorption behavior of Nap on OMCs can be well predicted by Langmuir and Sips isotherm models (R² > 99%),and the adsorption capacity of CMK-5 (1.735 mol·kg^-1) is better than that of CMK-3 and FDU-15. The constant-pattern wave propagation model was found to well fit the breakthrough curves. And the existence of mesoporous in the adsorbents facilitated the adsorption mass transfer. With transversal micropores, CMK-5 and FDU-15 showed better regenerabilities, and the desorption activation energy follows the order:CMK-3 > CMK-5 > FDU-15. Based on the analysis of absorption and desorption kinetics, CMK-5 shows better application potential in the three kinds of adsorbents.

In this study, the adsorption and desorption properties of chelating resin for tungsten have been investigated, batch studies were carried out, and the FTIR, TGA, Zeta and SEM were characterized before and after adsorption. The results showed that the optimal adsorption condition was at pH 4.0, 308 K, the maximum saturated adsorption capacity of tungsten is 349.2 mg·g^-1, with a high selectivity adsorption capacity. The adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. Desorption studies revealed tungsten ion could be eluted effectively by using the 2%(mass) NaOH solution, the desorption efficiency was 100%. PS-MPL resin has the advantages of high selectivity, high adsorption, high elution rate and so on.

The high performance poly(ether-block-amide) (PEBA2533) membrane was prepared by dry phase inversion method, and then used for separation of vanillin from dilute aqueous solutions in the pervaporation-crystallization coupling (PVCC) system. The structural morphology of PEBA2533 membranes were characterized by SEM. The effects of feed concentration and operating temperature on the pervaporation performances of membrane were investigated. The results showed that the swelling degree of PEBA2533 membrane increased with the increase of concentration. This indicated that PEBA2533 could preferentially adsorb vanillin. With the increase of the feed concentration, the flux of vanillin increased while the separation factor decreased slightly. The vanillin permeation flux and separation factor both increased as the operating temperature increased. The equation of Arrhenius indicated that vanillin was more sensitive to temperature than water. When the temperature of first condenser was controlled at 2℃ in the PVCC system, the flux of crystal vanillin in the first condenser was 39.52 g·m^-2·h^-1 and the purity was more than 99%.

Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted with two different commercial types of the nanofiltration (NF) membranes (DL and DK) to soften one brackish water in the Huanghuai region of China. The influences of feed pH (3-10), feed total dissolved solids (1317-5926 mg·L^-1) and total organic carbon (2.72-12.24 mg·L^-1) on both selected NF membranes separating efficiencies were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that with the increase of feed pH, both DL and DK nanofiltration membrane specific fluxes firstly increased, then decreased, and finally slowly declined. But it decreased all the time with the increase of feed TOC and TDS. The divalent ions (Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺) rejection rates for candidate NF membranes were on the rise during the testing scope. DL nanofiltration membrane was selected to continue to carry out the long-term stability test. When the operating time was running to 267 h, the membrane specific flux decreased by more than 10%, and chemical cleaning was adopted immediately. After chemical acid cleaning, the membrane specific flux recovery rate reached 85.05%; and after the coupling acid cleaning and alkali cleaning, the value is as high as 97.2%. Combined with scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope characterization images, it was clearly showed that the chemical cleaning has good removal effect for membrane fouling.

Elitist teaching-learning-based optimization (ETLBO) algorithm is inspired by practical teaching-learning process. A novel group search optimizer, modified elitist teaching-learning-based optimization (mETLBO), was proposed to improve low precision and poor stability of the ETLBO. First, an autonomous learning process was introduced to strengthen local search of high quality solution so as to improve algorithm's elite-searching speed. Second, differentiated support and self-adaptive strategy providing appropriate and flexible learning approach to students at various levels, were applied to offer desirable assistance and balance searching rate and accuracy of the algorithm. Third, global searching ability of the algorithm was enhanced by increasing communication frequency between students. Optimization results on standardized functions show that the proposed algorithm is obviously superior to the original one in performance and efficiency. Finally, satisfactory results were achieved by applying the improved algorithm to process optimization with mechanism model of methanol synthesis.

The energy efficiency ratio of mixed refrigerant cryogenic system is low. For the sake of improving cryogenic performance and reducing energy consumption in the auto-cascade refrigeration system, genetic algorithm and Aspen Plus were adopted to optimize the ACR system in this paper. The optimal cycle mixed refrigerant compositions under different working condition were got. The simulation results showed that with the reduction of evaporation temperature, the demand of high boiling components reduced gradually. Based on the analysis result, an effective solution was proposed to control the working fluid composition and a corresponding experiment was done. The results showed that the control solution can increase temperature reducing rate of system and reduce the total power consumption of the compressor. Moreover, pressure of system was controlled.

Intelligent optimization algorithms have been playing an increasing role in dynamic optimization, due to advantages of wide applicability and strong global searching capability. Biogeography-based learning particle swarm optimization (BLPSO) was proposed for dynamic optimization problems (DOPs) by hybridizing biogeography-based and particle swarm optimization. BLPSO employed a new biogeography-based learning approach for construction of learning examples by ranking of particles (i.e., the quality of particles) and dimension as unit, such that learning efficiency was enhanced. Control vector parameterization first converted DOPs into nonlinear programming problems which were then solved by BLPSO. The simulation results on typical DOPs with non-differentiable, multi-modal and multi-variable characteristics show that BLPSO has outstanding solution precision and convergence speed.

A large amount of energy is wasted in integrated desulfurization and denitration device of coking flue gas during coking reverse process. In order to solve this problem in the unique coking reverse process, causes to NO_x concentration change in the process were thoroughly analyzed. A modeling method for NO_x concentration disturbance at inlet and outlet in the reverse process was proposed by data driven identification. Verification was performed from actual data measurement on two 55-hole and 6-meter top charging coke ovens and the relationship model of NO_x concentration loss at inlet and outlet was obtained. A feedforward control system was designed for feedforward control rates of O₃ under different NO_x concentration settings. Simulation results provided cost savings of power consumption, which indicates necessity of the work.

Traditional principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm, targeting to explore correlations among measured variables in training dataset, has been intensively investigated and applied to data-driven fault detection. However, all variables are considered equally important in modeling process of traditional PCA-based methods, the difference between variable correlations cannot be comprehensively described. A variable weighted PCA (VWPCA) algorithm was proposed and applied to fault detection. Weight calculations were performed on the training dataset so correlation differences among measured variables were fully reflected in the processed data and a distributed PCA-based fault detection model was constructed. When implemented in online fault detection, the Bayesian inference was used to combine multiple monitoring results into an ensemble of probability indices. VWPCA approach assigned different weights to different variables according to the correlation difference, thus PCA modeling took correlation difference into account and the models could completely describe characteristics of the training dataset. Finally, superiority of the proposed VWPCA method was validated by well-known TE process.

High-dimensional, non-linear, and non-Gaussian distributions of measured data in batch processes directly influence accuracy of detecting abnormal data. In order to integrate information of multi-source abnormal detection and increase detection accuracy, a method was proposed on the basis of multi-evidence fusion decision. With introduction of the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory, the main focal element was used to identify fake evidence and to recompute weight of evidences. The re-calculation on weight of evidences improved handling conflict evidences, reduced influence of conflict evidences on multi-evidence fusion decision, and enhanced detection accuracy of abnormal measured data. Furthermore, an abnormal detection model was constructed from multi-evidence fusion decision and was applied to decision-making of abnormal data detection in batch processes. The experimental results show that the proposed method can combine multi-evidence information and analyze conflict evidence effectively. Thus abnormal data detection for batch processes is achieved with low false and missing detection rates.

In order to investigate phase change effect of liquid film on sealing performance of spiral groove liquid film seals, phase change model of non-contacting liquid film seals was established on the basis of mass conservation and mass source from Hertz equation. By discretization of governing equations with finite volume method, the effect of liquid film phase change on sealing performance was analyzed. Results show that phase change on sealing performance is closely related to sealing effectiveness. Both groove position and phase distribution in dynamic pressure groove have significant influence on sealing performance and pressure distribution at end face. During phase change in liquid film, seal opening force was increased but leakage was decreased for downstream pump seal, whereas the effect was different for upstream pumping seal. If the slot was close to inner diameter, seal opening force of upstream pumping seal was first increased and then decreased, but leakage was first decreased and then increased and finally decreased. If the slot was close to outer diameter, seal opening force of upstream pumping seal was increased linearly but leakage was first decreased and then increased. Phase transition occurred in groove region could strongly weaken hydrodynamic effects and largely impact on pressure distribution at the end face.

Isothermal corrosion of 316L stainless steel and nickel based Inconel 625 alloy was evaluated by total immersion in eutectic NaCl-CaCl₂-MgCl₂ molten salt at 500-700℃.The effect of chromium (Cr), air contact, and temperature on corrosion was studied. Corrosion dynamic and velocity curves of 316L and Inconel 625 alloy at 600℃ molten salt for 21 d were obtained. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray energy spectrometer (EDX) were used to analyze corrosion products and cross section morphologies. The results show that mass loss of the steel and alloy increases with the increase of air contact and corrosion temperature. Element and morphology of metal surface and cross section after 21 d immersion at 600℃ indicate that Cr has a preferential solubility to other elements, which Cr depletion region was observed across cross-section. The dense layer of corrosion products can reduce corrosion rate. Inconel 625 exhibits better corrosion resistance than austenitic stainless steel in NaCl-CaCl₂-MgCl₂ eutectic molten salt.

In order to explore pyrazine inhibition mechanism on copper, adsorption properties of four corrosion inhibitors were studied comparatively. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were used to study reactivity of inhibitor molecules and their adsorption on Cu (111) surface. The results showed that frontier orbitals of these four corrosion inhibitor molecules were all distributed on the pyrazine ring with hetero N atoms as reactive sites. All four molecules could perpendicularly chemisorb on Cu surface by forming covalent bonds through N atom. The order of adsorption energy from high to low was 2-aminopyrazine (AP) > 2-amino-5-bromopyrazine (ABP) > 2-methylpyrazine (MP) > pyrazine (PY). Furthermore, these inhibitor molecules can also physisorb on Cu surface by electrostatic interaction.

The mycelium growth and enzyme activity of Aspergillus niger C2J6 in organic solvent are related to cell tolerance in the solvent. In order to reveal the regulation and mechanism of organic solvent tolerance, fifteen kinds of organic solvents were used to investigate the organic solvent tolerance of Aspergillus niger C2J6. Then the tolerance mechanism for cyclohexanone, which is a less hydrophobic solvent, was studied in the cellular level. The results indicate that Aspergillus niger C2J6 can grow in a variety of organic solvents for enzyme production. Organic solvents whose lgP are between -0.24 and 3.0 will inhibit the cell growth and enzyme production to different degrees, whereas organic solvents whose lgP are greater than 3.0 will promote the growth and production. Under the stress of cyclohexanone, the cell membrane is damaged. The intracellular organelles shrunk. The hydrophobicity of cell surface decreased. Extracellular nucleotide concentration increased. The content of unsaturated fatty acid decreased while the content of saturated fatty acid increased. These phenomena illustrate that cellular tolerance to cyclohexanone is influenced in many aspects, and there are variety of tolerance mechanisms working together which help to reduce the toxicity of cyclohexanone on the cells, so as to improve the tolerance of the microbes.

A numerical investigation on the formation of SO₃ during selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process and the influences of the concentrations of SO₂, NO, O₂, and H₂O were performed using the plug flow reactor of the CHEMKIN-PRO software with a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism. The simulation results showed that the presence of NH₃ changed the formation mechanism and reaction pathway of SO₃ and noticeably enhanced the formation of SO₃. When the reaction temperature decreased from 1373 K to 573 K within 1.9 s residence time with inlet NH₃ concentration being 300 μl·L^-1 and inlet SO₂ concentration being 2000 μl·L^-1, the formation concentration of SO₃ was above 10 μl·L^-1. The SO₃ concentration decreased while SO₃/SO₂ conversion ratio slightly increased with increasing inlet concentration of SO₂. Meanwhile, SO₃ concentration increased with increasing inlet concentrations of O₂ and NO, and decreased with increasing H₂O inlet concentration in the flue gas. Based on the study, the formation of SO₃ during SNCR process should be paid attention when high sulfur coal was burned.

Considering the micro-channel liquid cooling thermal management system (TMS) of EV battery packs, a thermal model was established for a battery module consisting of 71 sections 18650 lithium-ion batteries. In this model, the thermal-lumped treatment was implemented for each single battery and the heat generation of a single battery was determined based on experimental measurements. In particular, heat conduction between neighboring batteries was considered. The battery module's thermal behavior, and investigated effects of the discharge C-rate, the liquid flow rate, the heat exchange area between neighboring batteries, and the interfacing area of the battery and the shell of micro-channel were numerically studied relying on the developed model. The simulated results corroborated the effectiveness of the micro-channel cooling system. It was found that:1) increasing the discharge C-rate led to higher temperature and worsened the temperature uniformity in the battery module; 2) increasing the liquid flow rate can significantly lower the maximum temperature and improve the temperature uniformity in the battery module; 3) increasing the exchange area between neighboring batteries slightly improved the temperature uniformity in the battery module, but only had limited effect at lowering the maximum temperature in the module; 4) increasing the interfacing area of the battery and the shell of micro-channel can significantly lower the maximum temperature in the battery module, but worsen the temperature uniformity in the module.

To improve the collection and regeneration efficiency of strong solution under extreme conditions, this paper reveals a solar grading collector/regenerator method with inter-grade and same-grade heat exchangers. Based on heat and mass balance in the packed reservoir, a model of solar grading collector/regenerator system in which pre-dehumidification solution parameters could be adjusted is established. Numerical simulation shows that there are critical points in regeneration efficiency of grading regeneration under variety of outdoor situations compared with single-stage regeneration. Grading regeneration is preferable to single-stage regeneration while outdoor environmental temperature and relative humidity are above the critical points as well as sun radiation intensity is lower than the critical point. Finally, the applying ranges of grading collector/regenerator system on environmental parameters and solution concentration are comprehensively provided in this paper and it is found that the situations of lower radiation from sun and higher temperature and relatively humidity are beneficial to regenerate solution of high concentration by grading collector/regenerator system.

The characteristics of NO_x and SO₂ emission from combustion of antibiotic mycelial residue with high water content in a fluidized bed reactor were studied. The results showed that with the increase in excess air ratio, the NO_x emission concentration increased while the SO₂ emission concentration decreased. Enhancing the combustion temperature led to the increases in both the NO_x and SO₂ emission concentrations. With increasing fuel moisture content, both the NO_x and SO₂ emission concentrations first decreased and then increased. The air-staging combustion enabled good control of NO_x emission. The NO_x emission concentration was significantly lower with increasing the secondary air ratio. At the secondary air ratio 3/7, the air-staging combustion cut the NO_x emission amount off by more than 50% compared to the traditional combustion. Desulfurization by adding CaCO₃ into the furnace indicated that the SO₂ emission concentration decreased with increasing molar ratio of calcium to sulfur (Ca/S), and when Ca/S 3, the SO₂ emission concentration decreased to below 25 mg·m^-3 and the sulfur removal efficiency surpassed 99%.

In order to have a full recovery of the waste heat from a vehicle diesel engine, simple organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system and dual-loop organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system are compared and investigated. According to bench test results of a vehicle six-cylinder diesel engine, the thermodynamic models and economic models of both ORC systems are established, and the thermo-economic comparative analysis of both ORC systems are done on the basis of the study on waste heat characteristics under engine various operating conditions. The results show that, under engine entire operating conditions, net power output, augmentation proportion of power output and improvement of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the dual-loop ORC system are better than the simple ORC system, the maximum value are 24.38 kW、8.71% and 8.01% separately; Levelized Energy Cost (LEC) of the dual-loop ORC system is 0.8089 CNY·(kW·h)^-1 and 19.26% lower than the simple ORC system.

Conventional biological systems in centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are presently inefficient in the removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), resulting in their ubiquitous presence in excess sludge by absorption. When the sludge is utilized in agricultural land, the absorbed PPCPs may be released and then water environment is contaminated. Therefore, it becomes a crucial issue to predict and assess the content of PPCPs in excess sludge, by revealing the controlling factors of PPCPs adsorption. The adsorption properties of three typical pharmaceuticals onto the sludge from a certain WWTP in Beijing, were investigated based on a trace concentration level using UPLC-MS-MS. The adsorption capacity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) decreased, however, that of acetaminophen (ACP) increased with increasing pH; because the speciation of pharmaceuticals in aqueous solution and zeta potential of biosolid are as a function of pH. Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) could enhance the adsorption of three typical pharmaceuticals onto the sludge, independent of pH; because the metal ions and organic substances contained in EPS determine the adsorption of pharmaceutical onto the sludge.

In order to investigate the influence mechanism of magnesium lignosulfonates as assisted additives on enzymatic of cellulose hydrolysis, two kinds of magnesium lignosulfonates from different materials were selected to study the fabric differences and influences on enzymatic hydrolysis of different lignocellulose materials. It could be found that commercial magnesium lignosulfonate had higher sulfonation degree than homemade magnesium lignosulfonate, but ML had higher total hydroxy related content. Both commercial magnesium lignosulfonate and homemade magnesium lignosulfonate could enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel. For enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose material, two kinds of lignosulfonates showed inhibit influences on wheat straw pretreated by liquid hot water pretreatment. Only low concentration homemade magnesium lignosulfonate indicated the positive influence on wheat straw pretreated by magnesium bisulfite pretreatment. This study provided the theoretical references for explanation on influence mechanism of magnesium lignosulfonates on enzymatic hydrolysis.

The influence of weak magnetic field (WMF) on the process of U(Ⅵ) removing by zero valent iron (ZVI) was explored and the main mechanism was investigated. The weak magnetic field could obviously promote the U(Ⅵ) sequestration under the condition of different initial pH (pH_ini). The first-order kinetic rate constants of U(Ⅵ) removal by ZVI with WMF at pH 3.0-7.0 were about 0.7 to 11.2 fold greater than those without WMF. The removal capacity of zero-valent iron toward U(Ⅵ) was 1.7 g·g^-1 with WMF at initial pH 4.0 and Fe 0.5 g·L^-1, being of 0.3-fold higher than that without WMF. The weak magnetic field could promote the corrosion of the zero-valent iron, thereby increasing its removal of U(Ⅵ), which could be verified by SEM,[Fe²⁺] and pH variation. The main mechanism of U(Ⅵ) removal by zero valent iron was adsorption together with reduction. The application of WMF did not change the mechanisms but accelerated its adsorption and reduction toward U(Ⅵ). As a chemical-, energy-free and environmental-friendly method, improving the reactivity of ZVI by WMF superimposition was novel and promising in the prospect of U(Ⅵ) sequestration from water.

It is critical for clean and efficient utilization to study the effects of the demineralization process on the chemical structure and reactivity of coals. In the study, Zhundong raw coal was processed using HCl-HF-HCl and HF-HNO₃-HCl methods. The structures of both the raw coal and demineralized-coal were characterized by FT-IR, and their reactivities were analyzed by using a micro fluidized bed multistage gas-solid reaction analyzer. The results show that acid treatment is able to reduce the ash content of coal to the level under 0.2%. The intensity of absorption peaks near OH and COOH in demineralized coal was significantly enhanced. The aliphatic side chains and the substituent on aromatic ring became shorter. A huge amount of silicon and aluminum minerals were removed by the HF treatment process. HNO₃ can react with organic matter in coal which leads to further increase in the content of oxygen functional groups. The combustion reactivity of demineralized coal is significantly lower than the raw coal at 600℃ and 700℃, but as the temperature rises to 800℃ and 900℃, the difference of combustion reactivity between the two kinds of demineralized coal and the raw coal becomes smaller.

The effect of ZnO concentration on the electrochemical behaviors of ChCl-urea-ZnO deep eutectic solvents (DES) system were examined with electric conductivity tests and cyclic voltammetry. The results of electric conductivity tests indicate that the conductivity of ChCl-urea-ZnO DES increases with an increase in ZnO concentration as ZnO concentration is below 0.24 mol·L^-1. When ZnO concentration exceeds 0.24 mol·L^-1, the conductivity of ChCl-urea-ZnO DES tends to be roughly constant. The conductivity of ChCl-urea-ZnO DES increases with the increasing of temperature. The relation between conductivity and temperature is consistent with Kohlraush empirical formula. The results of voltammetry tests indicate that the reduction of Zn(Ⅱ) is a quasi-reversible process, which is controlled by diffusion step. The diffusion coefficient of zinc ion is about 1.2×10^-7 cm²·s^-1. Furthermore, with an increase in ZnO concentration, deposition potential of Zn shifts positively and reduction peak current increases gradually, indicating that the higher concentration of ZnO is helpful to the electrodeposition of zinc. In addition, the electrodeposition of Zn-ChCl-urea DES containing different concentration of ZnO was performed at 2.2 V and 343 K. The surface morphology and phase structure of Zn deposits were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM), respectively. ZnO concentration is found to play central role on the morphology of deposited Zn. Different shapes of Zn deposits including rod-like and square, can be electrodeposited from ChCl-urea DES by controlling the ZnO concentration.

Experiments on gasoline-air mixture deflagration in the confined space with a local opening was carried out. Overpressure transients and flame behaviors under different concentration were acquired and the results showed that:there were two overpressure peaks inside the vessel but only one outside the vessel, and negative pressure zone was formed near the opening. The maximum value of internal and external overpressure were the same and both of them were caused by external deflagration. The value of overpressure peak showed the trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of concentration, and the concentration corresponding to maximum overpressure peaks was 1.88%. The process of flame propagation could be divided into three stages, and the flame shape, color, duration of each stage, diameter of external fireball and average flame speed were dominated by initial concentration. With the increase of the concentration, the blue laminar flame with smooth front was changed into bright yellow flame with wrinkled front, and the duration of laminar propagating stage as well as accelerating and distorting stage showed the same trend of first increasing and then decreasing, but the duration of extinguishing stage showed a decreasing trend. The relationship between the diameter of fireball and concentration could be fitted by cubic polynomial, and the flame speed of 1st and 2nd stage could be fitted by quadratic polynomial. With the increase of opening ratio, the pressure peaks and flame speed of 2nd stage showed a decreasing trend, and the diameter of fireball showed a first increasing and then decreasing trend.