The effects of carriers on emulsion swelling were studied. The interfacial tension between the membrane phase and the external aqueous phase was measured. The existence of carrier in the membrane phase decreased the interfacial tension. This phenomenon shows that carrier is adsorbed on the interface. The adsorption behavior and a monomolecular film of surfactant and carrier are vital in emulsion swelling. The results indicate that water entrainment is lowered as carrier concentration increases and an increase in carrier concentration increases the rate of water permeation through the liquid membrane Two modified models for estimating entrainment swelling and permeation swelling are proposed, which give excellent fit to the experimental data.

The methods of controlling emulsion swelling were studied. The investigations were focused on the presence of electrolyte or glucose in the external solution of W-O-W liquid surfactant membrane system. It is evident that the existence of electrolyte or glucose in the external phase suppresses entrainment swelling due to a change in the nature of the interface. The effect of temperature on emulsion swelling was investigated extensively. The effect of increasing the temperature was found to increase in emulsion swelling. A modified model for estimating permeation swelling was shown to describe the experimental data satisfactorily.

Counteracting chromatgraphic electrophoresis (CAGE), a preparative separation device is successfully constructed and tested. Experiments are performed with protein mixtures of BSA, Hg, Mg and Cyto - c to study the separation performances, concentration profiles, start -up ways as well as influences of pH and ionic strength on separation process. Mathematical models are proposed based on the fluid dynamics of porous media. Results indicate that the CACE process has a good potential in protein and fine chemicals purification.

A one -dimensional two -fluid model for air -lift reactors (ALR) was developed. The model takes into account the variation of gas density due to expansion in the reactor, veloctity slip and interaction between gas and liquid. Numerical solution of the model equations leads to the main characteristics of fluid flow such as liquid velocity and gas holdup. A method for estimating downcomer gas holdup was proposed. Experimental data on both external and internal ALRs were compared with the theoretical prediction and the agreement was found rather satisfactory.

The gas holdup and linear liquid velocity in an internal loop air - lift reactor (ALR) under a wide range of operating conditions were determined by means of the electrochemical method. The energy equation was derived on the basis of the one-dimensional two - fluid model of ALR presented in Part I of this series. The main characteristic parameters of fluid flow in both internal and external loop reactors, such as liquid velocity, gas holdup and the partition of dissipation of input energy were analysed in detail.

Coal water slurry (CWS) with high mass concentration, as a kind of uniform suspension, has the property of non - Newtonian fluid, and there is a slip phenomenon when it flows in pipe. The similitude criterion, known as general Reynolds number Reg which can characterize the state of CWS flow in pipe, was put forward on the basis of analyzing the flow of the slip layer of CWS in pipe. The results show Reg holds good not only for the slip flow of CWS with the properties of general Bingham or Bingham fluid,but also for the no slip flow of other non -Newtonian fluid and Newtonian fluid. Moreover, for the non -Newtonian fluid of CWS consisting of water, coal powder and the chemical additives, the equation of the energy loss coefficient of CWS laminar flow in pipe has the same form as Newtonian fluid, that is λ=64/Reg. Compared with the experimental data, the accuracy of the equation is satisfactory in the experimental range.

The 1% Sr/La2O3-Ag-YSZ catalytic membrane reactor with oxygen pumping type was applied to the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The preparation methods of the catalytic membrane were studied. The synthetic membrane prepared via impregnation 3 method was the most effective. The effects of transported oxygen flux, temperature,feed CH4 concentration, residence time on the reactivity of the catalytic membrane were investigated. Transported and premixed oxygen fed simultaneously was a good reaction mode. The results showed that not only the separation process could be simplified, but also higher catalytic activity and C2 - selectivity could be obtained.

The reaction kinetics of the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) was studied in a 1% Sr/La2O3 -Bi2O3 -Ag -YSZ cataytic membrane reactor with oxygen pumping type. The reaction network for the OCM reaction was defined. The reaction mechanism was developed and the rate equations were determined. The results showed that the OCM reaction over the catalytic membrane with oxygen pumping type followed a Rideal - Redox mechanism. The technique of solid -electrolyte - potentiometry (SEP) was used to investigate the effect of internal diffusion.

Based on the theory of chemical association equilibria, a general model for calculating solubilities of solid solutes in a supercritical fluid (SCF) with entrainers was derived asThis model could be modified and simplified into the following two semi - empirical correlationsModel 1:(No entrainer)(With entrainer)Model 2:where E is an enhancement factor of solubilities. The two models for predicting solubilities of solid solutes in a SCF with entrainers correlate the experimental data from literature and this work satisfactorily.

The pseudo -liquid model (PLM) for calculating the solubility of a solid solute in a supercritical fluid system which was considered as liquid was developedWhere λ1 is activity coefficient of the solid solute, for the supercritical fluid system without entrainerfor the supercritical fluid system with entrainerThe comparison of the predicted results with the experimental data from this work and literature showed that this approach is indeed excellent.

A new estimation method (CSGC) was proposed by combining corresponding state principle with group contribution method and a new vapor pressure equation (CSGC - PR) was developed with this method. Contribution values of 88 groups were obtained by correlating 5255 vapor pressure experimental data of 350 substances including saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons, cyclohydrocarbons, aromatics, oxygen compounds, sulfurcompounds, nitrogen compounds, halohydrocarbons, etc. The new model is suitable to a wide variety of hydrocarbons and has good accuracy. Predicted results for vapor pressures of 28 substances (on database) show that the CSGC -PR equation is superior to the corresponding state equations. Satisfactory results were also obtained in predicting vapor pressures of nonpolar substances under a high pressure.

Genetic algorithm was used to estimate parameters in fermentation dynamic model and its effectiveness was tested with three typical models; 1. Equation for the density of bacteria body. 2. Equation for base consumption. 3. Equation for products. The estimation results obtained are better than those by using Marquardt Approach. Therefore, this genetic algorithm is good, might be regard as an effective tool for the recognition of fermentation dynamic model if properly used.

In this paper, the streamline upwind Petrov - Galerkin (SUPG) F E M and Galerkin F E M are used to simulate the non - isothermal flow of the Carreau fluid in an agitated vessel induced by scraped -surface blades. The results show a great deviation from the isothermal Newtonian flow, and indicate that the power - law exponent n, temperature coefficient b, dimensionless groups Re, Pe, and Br have a distinct effect on the flow pattern. This work provides an effective numerical method for predicting the velocity profile, temperature, shear rate and shear stress distribution of non - isothermal, non - Newtonian -flow in an agitated vessel.

The two - fluid model equations describing gas and solid flow macroscopically in a dense fluidized bed were derived from the well known Navier - Stokes equations of the gas and the Newtonian equations of a single particle using the rigorous volume - averaging method. Four parameters of the model equations were obtained. The model equations could be simplified to Gidaspows, Blakes and Davidsons equations, which verified our two - fluid model equations tentatively. The model equations were solved by means of the modified IPSA technique based on finite - volume method. Numerical computations were made for the gas and solid flow in a two - dimensional jet fluidized bed containing fine sand, millet or binary mixture (fine sand and ash -agglomerate). The numerical results are in good agreement with experimental and reported data in the literature.

An experimental device based on the Taylor dispersion principles was used to determine the diffusion coefficients in a supercritical fluid. The diffusion coefficients for benzene and seven n - alcohols in supercritical carbon dioxide were reported,with a temperature range 313. 0 to 343. 2 K and pressure, 8. 0 to 16. 1 MPa. Moreover, three correlation equations were tested extensively in terms of the data for 63 systems (817 points) from literature and this work. It has been found that the Liu -Wang -Lu Model and Modified Fujita Model proposed in this work give satisfactory results.

Liquid - liquid equilibrium data were determined for the 2,3- dichloropropylene-epichlorohydrin - water ternary system at 20. 0, 30. 0, 58. 3, 67. 9 and 77. 4℃. The correlation of the liquid -liquid equilibrium data was done by using UNIQUAC model. In the correlation of ternary liquid -liquid equilibrium data, a mole fraction objective function was used and the model parameters were obtained. The calculated and experimental results are in good agreement.

The flow fields generated by axial foil - turbine combined impellers were investigated with a Laser Doppler Anemometer. Flow patterns, velocities, shear rates, pump capacities and power were obtained in both water and 1. 5% (mass) CMC solutions. The effect of distance between two impellers on flow characterisitics was viewed in detail.

This paper presents the uniform deterministic sampling method for studying the radiative heat transfer in complex heater structures with anisotropical media. By using uniform sampling instead of random sampling in radiation, this new approach is superior to the currently used Monte Carlo method in accuracy, convergence, speed and computer cost.

A modified composite of titanate and polymer (PVC) on the surface of carbon steel was investigated. The anti - corrosion performance of the modified specimen in various solutions was discussed by using some electrochemical techniques, such as polarization curve, polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The surface composition and structure of the modified film were analyzed by surface analysis techniques. The results showed that the modified composite film has good anti - corrosion performance in H2SO4 and NaCl solutions. The formation mechanism and protection mechanism of the modified film were discussed.

A new type of absorber, helical rotating absorber, has been developed. This kind of absorber is different from other rotating ones, with the advantages of simple structure and high mass - transfer efficiency. Experimental results showed that the interfacial surface area per volume of the absorber a was 20 times higher than that of the B - 25 whirlflow tower plates, and its liquid-side mass -transfer coefficient kL is about 0. 08 cm/s. The thickness of the liquid film is thinner than that of gravity flow. The higher the rotating velocity, the higher the a and kL