Focusing on an approach of solving two key problems of energy and environment simultaneously,the development of the polygeneration system combining chemical process with power process has been summarized,and a concept of generalized total energy system has been proposed. The concept of the generalized energy system extends clean-energy production and environmental control to the previous polygeneration, which emphasizes chemical products. Based on the principle of exergy, this paper introduces the principle of energy conversion in the novel system, and points out that cascade utilization of exergy between both chemical combustion process and thermal cycle process will make a breakthrough in improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental pollution. The generalized energy system also exploits a novel chemical-looping combustion system with no flame, for removing CO₂ and eliminating NO_x . The generalized energy system has significant impact on clean-energy production and greenhouse-gas control for its characteristics of high-efficiency, cleanliness, and flexibility.

An orthogonal experiment design is adopted for studying the macroscopic reaction kinetics of hydroformylation of 1-dodecene catalyzed by water-soluble rhodium complex. The experimental data of reaction rate and n∶i aldehyde ratio are analysed by margin and variance analyses. The optimal hydroformylation reaction conditions are suggested by compromise of initial reaction rate and normal/isomeric ratio of product aldehyde.

The TS-1 life in propylene epoxidation was studied in a continually slurry reactor under the condition of 40 ℃ and 0.4, 0.6 MPa. It is suggested that the single circle life of TS-1 was no less than 80 h, the conversation of hydrogen peroxide was over 90%, the selectivity of propylene oxide and 1-methoxy-2-propanol was above 92.1%. The TS-1 catalyst can be regenerated in methanol, the initial activity of regenerative catalyst can’t change after the slightly deactivation in first regeneration. Element C and Ti were analyzed by XPS. The new the shift of electronic binding energy showed that Ti had been lost and deactivated in reaction, much carton deposited on the surface of TS-1, which are the main reasons of TS-1 deactivation, and the continual propylene epoxidation can be realized integrated with the thermodynamic reactor and the proper process.

Based on mixture theory and experimental crystal morphology,a numerical continuum model describing momentum,heat and mass transport phenomena occurring during Falling Film Crystallization Process is set up.One distinct characteristic of the present model is that there is an irregular two-phase mushy region existing between the liquid and solid phases.With Falling Film Crystallization going on,the solid fraction within the mushy region keeps increasing until complete solidification and the mushy region as well as solid region keeps in growing into the liquid region,The mushy region provides various locations for impure inclusion,which may be one of the practical reason for inclusion occurring.In order to model the coupled momentum, heat and mass transport in porous mushy region,the theory of transport phenomena in porous media is introduced and unsteady Darcy equation with Brinkman extension is adopted.Further more,Van Driest-modified Prandtl’s mixing length model is used to reflect the turbulent transport phenomena occuring in the liquid region.

A newly developed two-phase,multi-region continuum model is used to numerically simulate the coupled momentum,heat and mass transport phenomena occurring in Falling Film Crystallization of binary organic melt of naphthalene and thionaphthene.Basically the predicted total crystallization quantity and the naphthalene contents in the crystal are in good agreement with the experimental ones.The numerical results reveal that during Falling Film Crystallization process a crystal layer is formed and grows up,accompanyed by a wide mushy region growing between outside melt and the crystal layer.The present continuum model can be easily and well used in treating the solid-liquid phase change problems with irregular inner free interface.

The characteristics of foamed metal electrodes are investigated to study electric potential distribution in electrolytes on foamed metal cathodes and the mathematical models are proposed.The equations of macro-reaction rates and the changes of reaction rates with electrolysis time are obtained.The electrolytic reduction of Fe(CN) ^3- ₆ on foamed metal cathodes is studied and the electric potential distribution in the electrolytes on foamed nickel and foamed copper cathodes is measured.The effects of concentration, flow rate, conductance of electrolyte,cell voltage,cathode dimension on potential distribution are studied. The results show that the potential distribution tends to be uniform with decreasing cell voltage and decreasing flow rate and with increasing conductance of the electrolyte. As the thickness of the cathode ( x₀) is fixed,potential distribution in the radial x -direction tends to be uniform with increasing height,of the cathode.As the height of the cathode is fixed,potential distribution in the flow direction ( y -direction) of the electrolyte is tends to be uniform with increasing thickness of the cathode.The general potential drop at the inlet is almost directly proportional to x 2 0,and at the separator membrane location potential distribution in the y -direction is least of all uniform.As x is fixed, the potentical distribution in the y -direction is nearly an exponential function of y .The results show that the mathematical models are validated by the experiments .

A super water-absorbent resin was synthesized from the sodium salt of acrylic acid with acrylamide as comonomer, N,N ′-methylenebisacrylamide as crosslinking agent, K₂S₂O₈ as initator,by means of aqueous solution polymerization.The effects of AM content,total monomer concentration,initiator concentration,crosslinker content,bath temperature on the characteristics of products as well as the reaction kinetics and the swelling kinetics of products were investigated.Under the following polymerization conditions: monomer concentration 40%, AM∶(AM+AA)=0.3-0.4, initiator concentration 0.3%-0.4%,bath temperature 110-130 ℃, crosslinker content 0.02%,the super water-absorbent resin of binary copolymer thus obtained had a higher water-absorbency (500-600) and salt solution(0.9% NaCl) absorbency (100-120).In addition, the water absorbent rate of this super water-absorbent resin of binary copolymer was higher than that of the reported superabsorbents.

The application of heavy oil catalytic cracking 11 lumping kinetic model to commercial unit is discussed in this article,including the simulation calculation of the upper mixing ratio of vacuum residual oil and coking wax oil as well as the combination technique of catalytic cracking and aromatic extraction.The upper mixing ratio simulation provides a way to make the best use of these low grade materials and points out a direction to increase the throughtout capacity of catalytic cracking units.The simulation of the combination technique provides the judgement basis for running the aromatic extraction unit or not.The results of the simulation calculations show that the heavy oil catalytic cracking kinetic model is credible and has good extrapolation ability,and the software for the kinetic model can be used not only for the cases cited but also for other optimization simualtion calculation of FCC units such as choosing the best operation conditions and comparing the different process schemes.

Based on the principle of thermal balance and materials balance in lime furnace,a calculation model used for on-line testing the resolution ratio of baked limestone in lime furnace is conducted by using of parameters that can be measured in spot.For a lime furnace in operating, the resolution ratio of baked limestone can be predicted on time by this model when mass input of limestone, coke ratio, air flux, concentration of carbon dioxide in outlet, temperature of flue in outlet and temperature of output lime are measured in-line. The calculation model has been testified with gained actual parameters and proved to be operable.After the model are programmed and joined into computer test & control system,that will provide strong support for operation optimizing and auto-test and control of lime furnaces.

The model of complex countercurrent multi-effect evaporation with condensed water flash and extra vapor withdrawal is established. The conventional model of countercurrent multi-effect evaporation is a simplified example of the new model.The new algorithm which combines matrix method with iteration method is presented.The new method is an effective method for solving the model of multi-effect evaporation system,and increases the convergence speed and stability compared with Boryden method.The practical example indicates that the method used in complex countercurrent multi-effect evaporation system is fast and accurate.The vapor consumption of three-effect evaporation with condensed water flash is decreased by about 10% for condensation of NaOH solution. Loss of heat energy increases for preheating of feed with fresh vapor or extra vapor withdrawal.

A reluctance method of measuring corrosion rate, which is based on the measurement of metal loss through the change of the reluctance of the probe is introduced and used to study the corrosion of carbon steel in tap water with different aeration and in 0.5?mol·L ^-1 HCl with and without the presence of PAAC and Tw-20.The method is nondestructive, rapid,sensitive in measurement of corrosion rate and can also be used to study the adsorption process of inhibitors on the surface of metal materials.A new method, the reluctance method allied with electrochemical method is given, which can properly monitor the relative corrosion rate of metal materials with a common reluctance probe under the condition of cathodic protection.

Flow pattern or velocity distribution on a distillation tray is of great importance in determining tray efficiency. And design of distillation process is mainly rely on experimental data which also can be used in verification of mathematical model for describing the flow pattern on a tray.In this paper,hot-film anemometer with X-type probe is applied to the measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow on a sieve tray.First,a calibration method that used in this paper is proposed and a computational model for data processing is presented.Then the threshold method used to separate vapor signals from those of the liquid is described.Finally,typical measuring results,which include the magnitude and direction of local velocity,and the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy,are presented.

As a natural working,fluid carbon dioxide (CO₂) has shown great potential in refrigeration and air conditioning industry. The heat transfer and pressure drop performance of supercritical CO₂ in pipes is necessary for gas-cooler design. This paper presents an experimental investigation of supercritical CO₂ heat transfer characteristics using temperature oscillation method.Considering the variable fluid temperature, an extended and more reasonable temperature oscillation model is built and used for heat transfer coefficient evaluation. The convective heat transfer coefficient of supercritical CO₂ flowing in an aluminum multi-channel flat pipe is measured for the first time.Experiments are performed under one typical pressure and temperature condition.The experimental setup and data acquisition as well as processing program are described in detail. New dimensionless heat transfer data in the form of Nusselt number via Reynolds number are given and analyzed.The results could be a good reference to gas-cooler design.The paper also supplies a general model or tool for determining local convective heat transfer coefficient which can be used more widely.

A new method for sludge dewatering is presented,in which a horizontal electric field is applied in order to facilitate the dissipation of the gases produced at electrodes and to prevent the drying of the anodic region that would result in a high electric resistance.The effects of the magnitude of electric field strength, starting pH, flocculants, freezing and heating adjustment on the dewatering performance are examined.Scanning Electron Microscopy of the concentrated sludge obtained by electrodewatering and vacuum filtration show that electrodewatering is effective in the removal of capillary water in sludge floc.At 1200V·cm ^-1 electic field strength,sludge concentration could be increased from 3% to 8%,indicating an over 60% removal of water from the sludge.Compared with the conventional electrodewatering method employing a vertical electric field,the method described in the present study has the advantages of simple in structure,high efficiency,and easy operation, making it promising for large scale application.

Liquid mixing behavior is very complex and has great influence on the mass transfer process in the column packed with compound packing (125X+250Y).Until now the study of liquid mixing behavior in structured packing is far from enough.This paper provides experiment data for column design and process control.Liquid mixing behavior is investigated by using salt tracer technique.The axial and radial diffusion coefficients are obtained on the basis of diffusion models.It is found that liquid diffusion coefficients increase with liquid velocities and are insensitive to the change of gas velocities.

A mixing flow formed by a main tube flow and four side impinging jets was studied.The concentration distribution of the side flows was measured by using laser image visualization.The different flow patterns revealed the special pattern of concentration distributions in relation with the velocity ratio of jet flow to main flow.

Sensor location for linear networks is defined as a problem of multi-objective optimization.According to sensor precision,relative reconciliation precision is defined as the ratio of maximum reconciliation error to sensor measurement range.It is easy to compare relative reconciliation precision with sensor precision, thus it is more reasonable to determine optimization objectives and evaluate the design results.Two objectives are determined to minimize sensor location investment and to maximize relative precision of important variables.Some constraints are made to satisfy the network’s redundancy, control requirements, feasibility and some other conditions.Standard genetic algorithms are used to solve the optimization problem quickly and sufficiently.Fitness function is proposed by integrating virtual objective method and min-max method.Virtual objectives of investment and important variables’ relative precision are calculated by assuming that all streams are measured by the best sensors.A simulation result demonstrates its feasibility and shows that the proposed method accompanied by data reconciliation can significantly reduce sensor location investment.

The saturated vapor pressure of 2-(2-Aminoethylamino) ethanol (AEEA) and the VLE data for AEEA-EDA (ethylenediamine) system at temperature of 60℃ were measured by using a static equilibrium apparatus.Vapor pressure data were correlated by Antoine equation and binary VLE data were calculated with UNIFAC model.All the calculated values were satisfactory.

In this paper,the formation of CaSO₄ deposit on heat transfer surface is investigated both theoretically and experimentally.The test run is performed with various treated surfaces and flow velocities. Microphotograph of deposit layer is made.The results obtained are compared with untreated surface under exactly identical conditions in order to determine the suitability and the characteristics of the various treated surface.It is found that the CaSO₄ deposit on the heat transfer surface can be reduced or even prevented by using surface modification techniques, such as dynamic mixing ion beam implantation and dynamic magnetron sputtering.