Based on commercial CFD software Fluent，numerical simulations for flow field of co-axial jet stream in a Texaco gasifier cold test bed was investigated with the Spalart-Allmaras（S-A）turbulence model，standard k-ε（S k-ε）model，RNG k-ε model，Realizable k-ε（R k-ε）model and RSM turbulence model respectively.The sensibility to grid quality，grid style and boundary types of these models were discussed.The accuracy and performance of these five turbulence models were evaluated according to the comparison of simulation results and cold test results.The S-A model and standard k-ε model had better compatibility with grid quality and type but poor simulation results.The RSM model had a too rigorous limitation of grid quality to predict velocity field correctly，while the RNG k-ε model and Realizable k-ε model had better numerical solution based on a reasonable grid.

The 3-D direct numerical simulation（DNS）of scalar correlation-moment transport in isothermal turbulent reacting flows was carried out by using a spectral method.The obtained statistically averaged and root-mean square（RMS）values of concentration for a single species in non-reacting flows are in good agreement with those obtained by using a finite-difference method reported in references.The instantaneous results show the existence of strip structures of concentration fluctuation for reacting flows.The DNS statistical results give the budget of the concentration correlation-moment equation，showing that the contribution of production and dissipation terms is important whereas the contribution of diffusion and reaction terms is small.However，the effect of chemical reaction on the magnitude and distribution of each term is important.The DNS statistical data are used to validate the closure models in the correlation-moment equation of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)modeling.It is found that generally the simulated values are in agreement with the DNS data in most flow regions，except in the near-wall region.

A new composite adsorbent with strong adsorption capability and low regeneration temperature was experimentally researched.By assuming the composite adsorbent to be filled into an adsorption bed, simulation study was made on the performance of the adsorption air conditioner with double beds filled with the composite adsorbent and pure silica gel respectively.Experimental research indicated that the composite adsorbent could not only adsorb much more water vapor than silica gel in the same time interval, but also desorb at a lower temperature.Simulation study showed that the adsorption air conditioner filled with the composite adsorbent could obtain a higher coefficient of performance(COP)and,more importantly, a much higher specific cooling power(SCP) than pure silica gel system.

In light of the low-temperature cycle in the cascade refrigeration system using blends of CO2/R170, the mathematical models of solid-liquid equilibrium and vapor-liquid equilibrium were developed.The models were used to determine the range of mixing ratio in which crystallization of the mixture at a low temperature could be prevented.The cycle performance and flammability of mixed refrigerants with different mixing ratios were analyzed.The impact of mixing ratio on cycle performance and flammability was investigated.The effects of medium temperature on the whole COP of the cascade refrigeration system using R290 as high-temperature circuit refrigerant and blends of CO2/R170 as low-temperature circuit refrigerant were analyzed.A better refrigerant for the low-temperature circuit of cascade refrigeration system was found.

An enhancement surface of heat transfer has been developed based on the field synergy principle. The characteristic of the turbulent heat transfer and flow was studied experimentally. Effects of the fin angle, the channel height, and the Reynolds number have been evaluated. The assessment under the constraint of the identical pump power consumption reveals that the in the fin angle range of β＝0－23.2° the enhancement ratio increases monotonically with b, but decreases with the Reynolds number. For a fixed fin angle, thick ducts show better feature of lower power consumption and higher heat transfer.

By using the chemical vapor deposition（CVD）technology，two testing surfaces with gradient surface energy were fabricated on a base of silicon wafer with dodecyltrichlorosilane and octrytrichlorosilane respectively.Using a high-speed video imaging system，the movement of water drop on the horizontal surface with gradient surface energy was visualized and measured under ambient condition.The heat transfer experiments were conducted on dropwise condensation of steam on the surfaces with gradient surface energy.During experiments，the condensing surface was placed at inclination angles of 0°，30°，60° and 90°，respectively.The growth，coalescence，motion，and abscission of condensed droplets were visualized by the high-speed video imaging system.The observed results showed that the condensed droplets larger than about 1 mm in diameter could move at a peak speed of 110 mm·s-1 from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side on the horizontal condensing surface with gradient surface energy.The velocity of condensed droplet was far larger than that of the droplet on the surface with gradient surface energy in ambient atmosphere.The effects of heat transfer temperature difference，inclination angle of condensing surface，and surface energy gradient on the condensation heat transfer were respectively discussed in virtue of the photographic results.The experimental results showed that with an increase of heat transfer temperature difference，heat transfer coefficient increased to a maximum value and then decreased afterwards.As the inclination angle of condensing surface increased，the condensation heat transfer coefficient increased due to the action of gravity on the departure and motion of droplet.A larger surface energy gradient led to a smaller departure diameter and a faster motion of droplet，which resulted in a larger condensation heat transfer coefficient.

By using a wide field stereo-microscope and a CCD video camera system，the axial liquid flow and dryout point（wetting height）in vertical rectangular capillary microgrooves heat sink were observed and measured under pure evaporation heat transfer conditions.An experimental study of the influences of microgroove geometric parameters and working liquids on wetting height was conducted.The results showed that the wetting height decreased sharply as heat input increased under pure evaporation heat transfer conditions.The microgrooves with a deeper depth，a narrower width or a higher microgroove density had higher wetting capacity.Methanol and ethanol had higher wetting capacity than distilled water in the low heat input cases.A serious negative effect of gravity on liquid wetting characteristics in vertical microgrooves was observed.

The fixed bed reactor was used to study the effect of particle size and temperature on NO absorption characteristics on coal char surface and obtain adsorption equilibrium and dynamic data.The evolution of functional groups and chemical changes of coal char surface structure were studied with diffuse reflection FTIR.Functional groups,such as aromatic —NO2 and —NO were observed.The major increment was aromatic —NO2.The band intensity of —NO2 and —NO functional groups increased with decreasing particle size and increasing temperature.The results showed that particle size and temperature had a noticeable effect on the adsorption of NO gas on coal char.

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers with helical baffles are now widely used in many engineering fields，especially in chemical and petroleum refining industries.The helical lead distance is one of the important design parameters.The continuous four-sector baffle was taken as an example,and the theoretical calculation method of the helical lead distance of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger with helical baffles was deduced.Then this procedure was extended to continuous n sectors baffle，continuous baffle and staggered sectors baffle.Finally，an equation to determine the helical lead distance for any kinds of helical baffle was proposed.A short discussion of the determination methods proposed in the literatures was presented.

The effects of funnel-shape internals on hydrodynamics and mass transfer in an internal loop three-phase fluidized bed were investigated. Three different kinds of internals were designed which were setup on the top of draft-tube in terms of horizontal angle and outer diameter, and gas hold up, liquid mixing time, liquid circulation velocity and mass transfer coefficient were measured respectively.It was shown that the riser gas holdup and mass transfer coefficient increased by 10% and 15% than that without such an internal, liquid mixing time decreased by 10% to 25%.When the superficial gas velocity was less than 0.5 cm·s-1, liquid circulation velocity increased with the setup of such internals.Liquid circulation velocity decreased when the superficial gas velocity was above 0.5 cm·s-1.In addition, the variation of structural parameters of funnel-shape internals had significant effects on hydrodynamics and mass transfer.

Acquisition of the temperature distributions inside the vortex tube is a principal and key problem for disclosing the fundamental mechanism underlying the energy separation effect inside the tube.The “Realizable κ-ε”turbulence model of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the energy separation effect produced by three-dimensional compressible flow with strong swirl inside the vortex tube.Then the axial and radial distributions of total and static temperature were obtained.The mean kinetic energies and the stagnation enthalpies of the peripheral and inner flows per unit mass along the airflow direction were also examined respectively because the enveloping surface of zero axial velocity is the interface between peripheral and inner airflows.In order to validate the numerical results, comparisons between the numerical predictions and the experimental results were conducted for the cold air temperature drops as a function of cold fraction, and satisfactory agreements were observed.A non-dimensional strategy was adopted to compare total, static temperature distributions along the radial direction at a given axial location with the experimental data from previous studies, so the accuracy of the numerical results was further validated.

The pressure drop per unit length of pneumatic dense phase transport for pulverized coal with a riser of 20 mm bore stainless steel tube was investigated, and its Zenz-type diagram was obtained.The results revealed that the total pressure drop was mostly attributed to the solids static head and solids friction contribution, and the pressure drop due to gas less than 1% of the total pressure drop might be neglected in this study. Comparing with solids velocity, the solids volume fraction played a leading role for the total pressure gradient.Additionally,the solids friction factor was also investigated, and a correlation was recommended for predicting the solids friction factor, which was consistent with experimental data.

Numerical simulation was performed on the turbulent flow of gas-solid with a binary mixture of particles in a riser.The particle motion was dealt with a hard-sphere discrete particle model (DPM).The Navier-Stokes equation was used to model gas phase flow with the large eddy simulation (LES) method.Vreman’s SGS model was used to model gas turbulence.A model of the collision time between two particles experiencing different accelerations was proposed. A binary mixture of particles with different diameters was used in the simulation and layer inversion was observed. Numerical results indicated that the flotsam of small particles had a high axial velocity and a high root-mean-square velocity, while the jetsam of large particles had a low axial velocity and a low root-mean-square velocity. At the center of the riser,triple peaks of particle velocity were found from the probability of particle velocity.However, twin peaks existed near the wall.The core-annular flow structure was observed from simulation.With the increase of superficial gas velocity,more uniform distribution of concentration and particle velocity was observed along radial and axial directions in the riser.The average particle velocity and concentration for the flotsam and the jetsam were unequal in the radial and axial directions. Numerical results were compared with the experimental and numerical results using the two-fluid model of literature. The predicted particle velocity, concentration and root-mean square velocity were in agreement with experiments at the center,but higher than the experimental values, near the wall.Gas turbulence affected the motion of small particles.The particle collisions dominated the flow behavior of particle phase in the riser.

To overcome the difficulties in measuring the oil-water two-phase flow, the oil-water two-phase flow regime was studied with a horizontal Venturi tube and a model of flow measurement was established.A flow regime identification method combining Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) with support vector machine (SVM) was developed, based on the differential pressure signals obtained from the Venturi tube.With this method, the root mean square of the differential pressure signal was calculated and used as one of the characteristic vectors after it was normalized.Meanwhile, the differential pressure signal was handled with Hilbert-Huang transform.The energy ratios of the first and the second layers were obtained as the other two characteristic vectors closely associated with the flow regime,by using the multi-resolution feature of the empirical mode analysis.Then,the flow regime was identified with SVM, and better results were obtained.The oil-water flow measurement could be better made if flow regime identification was combined with the model of the oil-water two-phase flow measurement using a Venturi tube.

Based on the gas-solid two-phase turbulent model and kinetic model of fluidized catalytic cracking(FCC) gasoline catalytic conversion, a reaction-flow coupled model was built to simulate the FCC gasoline conversion process in the riser and riser-bed reactor respectively.For the riser reactor, the simulation result showed that the mass fraction of olefin decreased from 35.1% to 18%(mass), and most of the olefin was converted to isoparaffin, which was useful to maintain the gasoline octane rating.With increasing reaction temperature, the cracking reaction was enhanced, and the LPG yield dramatically increased when the reaction temperature was above 450℃ at the expense of the gasoline yield.For the riser-bed reactor, the mass fraction of olefin could be reduced to a very low level, 5% olefin when the reaction temperature was 400℃, MHSV was 4, while the gasoline yield was about 80%(mass).

To monitor and optimize the operation and to predict the concentration profiles of the components in commercial units for toluene disproportionation and transalkylation with C₉-aromatics, a kinetics-based mathematical model was developed and solved by the widely used Runge-Kutta algorithm.Based on several sets of operation data obtained from a commercial unit at steady state, the reaction kinetic parameters involved were estimated by the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method.The kinetic model was also validated by the data from the commercial-scale unit operated with different feedstock compositions and operation variables.The results showed good agreement between the model predictions and plant observations, signifying that the proposed model could be applied to both offline simulation and online soft sensors.

Starting from cheaper D,L-lactic acid (D,L-LA), lower molecular weight poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) was directly synthesized via melt polycondensation.By using PDLLA as prepolymer, 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate (TDI) as chain extender, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent, poly(D,L-lactic acid)s biodegradable material was synthesized through diisocyanate chain extension in solution state.When using different precipitators to terminate the solution chain extension, the solubility in chloroform,viscosity-average molecular weight (Mη), structure, and heat properties of chain extension products were different.Before precipitation, the reaction mechanism of chain extension in solution state was similar to that in the melt state. However, different precipitators had different termination mechanisms. When precipitated by metchanol, the reaction between residual NCO group and OH group in metchanol could keep the structure of product basically unchanged.When water was used instead of metchanol, the complex reaction between residual NCO group and water was apt to produce cross-linking products.

Polyoxometalate of ciprofloxacin with 12-phosphomolybdic acid was reported and characterized with elemental analysis, IR spectrum, and TG-DTA.The IR spectrum confirmed the presence of Keggin-type anion and the characteristic functional group of ciprofloxacin.The TG-DTG curves showed that its thermal decomposition was a three-step process.The intermediates and residue of the thermal decomposition were identified by means of TG-DTG, IR, and XRD technique.The non-isothermal kinetic data were analyzed with the Achar equation, Coats-Redfern equation, Kissinger equation, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa equation and Starink equation.The mechanism function and kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition in the third step were obtained.The chemical reaction mechanism (F3) controlled the third thermal decomposition process.The apparent activation energy and the pre-exponential factor were 351 kJ·mol-1 and 2.57×10 30s-1 respectively.

Thiophene(C4H4S) is a typical sulfur-containing compound in fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) gasoline.Oxidative desulfurization of C4H4S in n-heptane solution was conducted with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and formic acid over a catalyst of 5A molecular sieve loaded with ceria.The effects of oxidative agent, solvent,reaction temperature as well as the addition of phase transfer catalyst were investigated in detail.The reaction course of oxidative desulfurization of C4H4S was preliminarily studied.The oxidation of C4H4S was achieved under mild reaction conditions and it was easy to raise the reaction temperature or increase the reaction time to achieve high oxidation conversions.The results showed that the conversion of C4H4S in n-heptane solution was 78.2% under the condition of reaction temperature of 50℃,n H2O2∶n S=10∶1，V H2O2∶V HCOOH=1∶1.The conversion of C4H4S was 94.5% when an emulsifier OP was added to this system.However, with the addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), a bromine substitution product appeared in the oxidation of C4H4S.

The synthesis process of 2-mercapto-5-methoxyimidazo［4,5-b］pyridine, a crucial intermediate of tenatoprazole which is a new proton pump inhibitor, was studied.2,6-Dichloropyridine as raw material was nitrated by nitric acid/sulfuric acid, and after amination 2-amino-3-nitro-6-chloropyridine was obtained.It then reacted with sodium methoxide to give 2-amino-3-nitro-6-methoxypyridine and the intermediate was reduced by H2 with Raney Ni as catalyst to give 2,3-diamino-6-methoxypyridine.Finally cyclization was finished with carbon bisulfide to give the title compound.The optimal reaction conditions and yield(temperature, time, molar yield) were as follows: nitration,110℃, 8 h, 79.3%; amination, room temperature, 10 h, 87.6%; methoxylation,65℃, 30min, 98.7%; reduction,70℃, 3 h; cyclization, reflux, 4 h, 72.4% (two steps).The melting point of the title compound was the same as that reported in literature, and its structure was confirmed by 1H NMR.

Due to some deficiencies of the polysaccharides degradation by the methods of chemical，thermal or enzymatic treatment，sonication was introduced for the degradation of Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide（PYPS）.The Mark-Houwink equation，showing the relationship between molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity，was set up.It was found from the results of the degradation dynamics that there was an exponential relation between the rate constant and treatment time of sonication，different from the traditional chemical，thermal or enzymatic treatment.The activation energy of the degradation was 52.13 kJ·mol-1，and it could be preliminarily concluded that ultrasonic degradation was better than the enzymatic ones.

Six novel benzo［1-2，4-5］dioxazole derivatives containing stilbenyl were designed and synthesized from substituted aromatic aldehyde/ketone and 2，6-bis（4-chloromethyl phenylene）benzo［1-2，4-5］dioxazole through the Wittig-Horner reaction，and their chemical structures were determined by spectra and elemental analysis.The effects of their chemical structures on the fluorescent properties and fluorescence quantum yield were investigated，and analytical results showed that three target compounds had blue light emitting characteristics and two target compounds could give off green light.

The preparation of a series of 2-pyridinamines and their alkyl derivatives is described.The target compounds are synthesized starting from corresponding 2-cyanopyridines, via incomplete hydrolysis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in the dilute alkaline mixture of acetone-2% sodium hydroxide solution, and Hoffmann degradation reaction with freshly made NaBrO.This route is of industrial value because of cheap and readily available materials, moderate reaction conditions and convenient operations.

A novel evaluation of the separation performance of nanofiltration (NF) membranes for the mixed electrolytes solution was proposed.In the evaluation, the observed transmission of an ion through a NF membrane was used to express the separation performance of the membrane for the ion in the mixed electrolytes solution, which had a relationship with the total concentration of mixed electrolytes, the equivalent fraction and the species of each ion.Firstly, according to the permeation experiments of NF membrane for some binary electrolytes solutions, the competition coefficients of four anions (F-, Cl-, NO-3 and SO2-4) were obtained.Then verification of the model was carried out in the permeation of some mixed electrolytes solutions ［(1)Na+, Cl- and F-; (2)Na+, K+ and Cl-; (3) Na+, F-, Cl- and NO-3; (4)Na+, Cl-, NO-3 and SO2-4; (5)Na+, F-, Cl-, NO-3 and SO2-4］through one kind of commercial NF membrane (ESNA 1).The investigation results showed that both the total concentration and the equivalent fractions of ions were important parameters affecting the separation performance of NF membrane for the mixed electrolytes solution.The agreement between the model evaluation results and the experimental data indicated that the model is suitable for evaluating the separation performance of three NF membranes for the mixed electrolytes solution with univalent cations.

The distribution of ibuprofen enantiomers was examined in aqueous methanol solution and 1,2-dichloroethane organic solvent containing a chiral selector hydrophobic L-tartaric ester or D-tartaric ester.The influences of the length of alkyl chain of L-tartaric ester or D-tartaric ester, the concentration of L-tartaric ester,different organic solvents and the concentration of aqueous methanol solution on the partition coefficient(K) and separation factor(α) of ibuprofen, were investigated.L-tartaric ester formed more stable complex with Ⅱ-ibuprofen than with Ⅰ-ibuprofen.In contrast,D-tartaric ester formed more stable complex withⅠ-ibuprofen than with Ⅱ-ibuprofen.The extraction performance of organic solvents was different.For example, alcohols＞1,2-dichloroethane＞alkanes.K and αwere the highest when the concentration of aqueous methanol solution was 10%.With further increasing concentration of aqueous methanol solution,partition coefficient and separation factor decreased.With increasing concentration of L-tartaric ester, K and αincreased firstly,and then decreased.K and αwere the highest,when the concentration of L-tartaric ester was 0.2 mol·L-1.The length of alkyl chain of L-tartaric esters and D-tartaric esters also had a great influence on K and α.

Pinch technology plays an important role in chemical process design for years.In pinch technology, composite curves are widely consumed, giving more convenience in analyzing how utilities are used and required. In order to give a more efficient process design, sometimes we need to know the detailed information in the composite curve. This paper proposes a method that uses the composite stream matrix to describe the detailed information about origin streams in composite curves.One case study is demonstrated to show the usage of the proposed method.

The industrial ammonia soda process models based on mass balance and energy balance were developed, and the objective functions for data reconciliation and mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP)were established.By training the parameters with process data obtained from a plant producing 600000 t·a-1 of 99.5% soda,the models could be used to simulate different operating situations.Simulation data would be the data source of process optimization and data reconciliation.

Inductive Resistance Probe (IRP) is a new corrosion-monitoring technique for corrosion rate quantitative evaluation of iron-based metals and alloys in various environments .However, its built-in data processing and analysis offer limited capability to obtain corrosion information.A new Integration Filter Algorithm (IFA) was proposed to process data collected by IRP measurement system.A web-enabled computer software with an excellent graphic user interface（GUI）was developed for easier data processing and sharing among users and user groups.The reliability and suitability were proved theoretically and by experimental results.The atmospheric corrosion measurement with IRP is presented to demonstrate the consistence of calculated corrosion rate with the measured rate.The result indicates that the proposed IFA algorithm plus data processing environment is an excellent alternative of the built-in data processing procedure.

The effect of a new green corrosion inhibitor，namely carboxymenthylchitosan（CM-chitosan），on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 mol·L-1 HCl and 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4 was investigated by various corrosion monitoring techniques.The results obtained revealed that this compound was a very good inhibitor and behaved better in 1 mol·L-1 HCl than 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4.In both 1 mol·L-1 HCl and 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4 solutions，the adsorption of CM-chitosan on the mild steel surface in both acidic media followed a modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

A novel method was developed to fabricate engineered tissue implants through re-aggregation of micro-tissues. Furthermore, experimental research and CFD modeling were carried out to validate this idea.The method included the following steps:(1)Culturing the cells on the macro-pore micro-carriers to form micro-tissues;(2)Concentrating the micro-tissues in a perfusion bioreactor having the geometry desired for implantation;(3)Further culturing the micro-tissues to cause the formation of a consolidated large construct.The experimental results showed that this method could enhance cell number density, improve cell distribution and extra-cellular matrix synthesis.The CFD modeling also indicated that the fluid dynamics environment and mass transport condition improved significantly.This method is beneficial to cells in micro-carriers and will reduce limitations of nutrients and oxygen.

Prior research reported the sustainable parameter oscillations characterized by long periods and high amplitudes in the continuous ethanol fermentation system when very high gravity(VHG) medium was fed.In this study, a bioreactor system composed of a continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR) and three-stage tubular bioreactors in series was set up,and the dynamics of the oscillatory behavior in such a fermentation process was investigated by the weighting treatment of the specific growth rate of yeast cells, which considered the lag response of yeast cells to the stress exerted by the environment.Model parameters were estimated and validated by experimental data.Furthermore, the tubular bioreactors were packed with wood chip (5 mm×5 mm×5 mm),stainless steel net ring (10 mm×10 mm) and polyurethane (10 mm×10 mm×10 mm)respectively which were significantly different in their surface properties and corresponding yeast cell immobilization roles through adsorption.It was found that the wood chip was the best in attenuating the parameter oscillations although its yeast cell immobilization role was between the other two, which indicated that, in addition to the yeast cell immobilization, other factors also significantly contributed to the attenuation of the parameter oscillations.Further investigations revealed that the micro-environmental changes of the tubular bioreactors created by these different packings which inevitably changed the specific growth rate of the yeast cells as well as the dilution rate changes correspondingly after the tubular bioreactors were packed and their working volumes decreased, also contributed to the attenuation of the parameter oscillations.The polyurethane packings showed the best immobilization performance, which increased the biomass concentration and consequently the productivity significantly.

A cross-section direction two-dimensional mechanistic model of the Siemens-Westinghouse Power Corporation’s (SWPCs) cathode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC) was developed.The model coupled the intricate interdependency among the ionic conduction, electronic conduction, gas transport, heat transfer and electrochemical processes.Three forms of polarization (activation polarization, Ohmic polarization, concentration polarization) were considered.Result validation showed good agreement with the published experimental data.The simulation results predicted that the species concentration and current density distributions were related to SOFC operating conditions.The size of current collector would affect the cell performance and should be carefully chosen.Gas diffusion through a thick and porous cathode was proven to be one of the performance-limiting factors and better cell performance could be achieved through the optimization of electrode microstructure.

The idea in this study is to form gas hydrate of hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-141b from its O/W emulsion, with OP-10 or SDS as emulsifying reagent, and the programmed cooling experiments were carried out in a controllable air conditioning chamber.The results showed that under static state emulsions containing different contents of HCFC-141b could form hydrates at a temperature above -5℃, with random induction time and fluctuating initiation temperature of hydrate formation.The results also showed that, before and after hydrate formation, the reaction system was iced over, and adding ice particles could induce rapid formation of hydrate.The emulsion from dissociation,by re-emulsification，could form hydrate at a temperature above freezing point within 1 h because of the “memory” effect.

Batch tests were carried out to investigate the COD degradation of landfill leachate by using a moving-bed bioreactor (MBBR)，and a modified bio-kinetic model was established to describe the biological reaction.The experimental results showed that the model could describe the biodegradation of leachate, and the kinetic parameter K2 could be used as indicator of degradation rate and Sn could be used to estimate the biodegradability of leachate.The simulations under different initial leachate concentrations found that K2 and Sn were linear to the initial leachate concentration S0.The data of different bio-carrier volumes also perfectly conformed to the model and further proved that the kinetic parameters in the model were independent of the biomass.The continuous operation of two MBBR in series could effectively remove the landfill leachate, when the total hydraulic retention time(HRT)was 4 d，the average COD removal efficiency was 89.24% and the effluent COD was about 452.10 mg·L-1, which was similar to the predicted value by the model under the same initial concentration.The performance of two MBBR in series gave a direct proof of the reliability of the model that was used to estimate the biodegradability of leachate.

Using the static coal combustion and ash cold sieving experimental method,the attrition rate constants of four kinds of coal ash were measured.It was found that the attrition rate constant of the same coal ash decayed exponentially with increasing particle size, while the attrition rate constants of different kinds of coal ash with the same size were different.The coal ash components were found to cause the above phenomena.By assuming the coal ash mainly composed of metakaolin, quartz, ferric oxide and calcium oxide, the influences and tendency of coal ash components on attrition rate constant were deduced with the gray system theory and neural network.The increase of metakaolin, ferric oxide and calcium oxide contents could increase the attrition rate constant, while the attrition rate constant would decrease with increasing amount of quartz.

Accidental release of the hazardous gases with high release frequency, widely used in petroleum refining and chemical industries will cause serious effect.In order to obtain the key information to manage the hazardous gases release accident, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established to simulate the movement characteristics of released gas and the distribution of hazardous gas concentration in time and space after release.The instantaneous release scenes from Thorney Islands Trails were used to validate the CFD model with the software Fluent.The result showed that the model could provide the information of the movement characteristics of the gas cloud and the distribution of hazardous gas concentration in time and space.

A new flue gas desulphurization (FGD) technology was developed to absorb SO₂ by using citrate solution as absorbing agent, with hollow fiber membrane and ultrasonic enhancement.Ultrasonic treatment and membrane technology were introduced into the process of FGD.Ultrasonic cavitation and its enhancement of the mass transfer process were discussed.By using the self-designed reactor,the effects of ultrasonic treatment on the stability of citrate solution and hollow fiber membrane for FGD were studied.The results showed that under the condition of frequency 20 kHz, citrate concentration 0.5 mol·L^-1 and pH 4.5, the absorption of sulfur dioxide from flue gas in the hollow fiber membrane module could be enhanced by ultrasonic treatment, but the solution could be heated up,which caused inhibition of absorption.In the process of ultrasonic treatment, citrate solution and hollow fiber membrane remained stable.

Hydrogen will be one of the most potential energy in the future mainly due to its cleanliness, renewablility and non-polluting nature.At present,the hydrogen-producing ability of bacteria is low, which is one of key factors restricting the development of fermentative hydrogen production industry.Ultraviolet ray was used to mutate a wild hydrogen-producing strain,Ethanoligenens sp.ZGX4, in order to screen highly efficient H2-producing mutants.After investigating the hydrogen production stability of successive generations, a highly efficient hydrogen-producing mutant UV-d48 was obtained,and batch tests were conducted to investigate the H2-producing behavior of mutant UV-d48.The experiment results showed that UV-d48 had H2-producing capability of 2998.5 ml·L-1 and maximal H2 production rate of 34.4 mmol·(g drycell)-1·h-1 at 37℃,initial glucose concentration of 10 g·L-1 and pH of 6.0, which were higher by 65.1% and 56.4% than that of the wild parent strain ZGX4, respectively.Moreover, its hydrogen yield was estimated to be 2.61 mol H2·(mol glucose)-1, which was 1.54-fold higher than that of the control strain ZGX4.Since mutant UV-d48 performed typical ethanol-type fermentation in the course of H2 production, it might be used as a very important carrier material to investigate the metabolic pathway and mechanism of ethanol-type fermentation bacteria.

The synthesis of oligomer from 1-decene with metallocene catalyst(n-Bu)Cp2ZrCl2/MAO was studied.The effects of temperature, Al/Zr ratio, time and concentration of the catalyst on oligomerization behavior were investigated.The oligomer obtained was characterized with GC-MS, GC and 13C NMR.Those results confirmed that the oligomer was a mixture consisting of di-, tri-, tetra- and pentamer.The 13C NMR data also implied that chain propagation of the oligomer involved primarily head-to-tail 1, 2-insertions, as well as head-to- head, tail-to-tail, 2, 1-insertions.

The melting characteristics and thermal expanson behavior of quartzite particles during heated-up were studied by using a thermal microscope (LEIAZ-Ⅱ)made in Germany.The results showed that the linear expansion rate of high purity quartzite had three different regions at different temperatures, namely, slow-expansion region(room temperature—870℃), halted expansion region (1000—1350℃)in which the linear expansion rate tended to be zero, and fast-expansion region (1400—1550℃) with a sharp wave crest, respectively.These regions were corresponding to the isomer conversion of SiO2.The comparison between two samples with different purities showed that the purity of quartzite particle had a remarkably influence on its melting characteristics.A particle with higher purity tended to have a higher characteristic temperature of melting characteristics.Furthermore, the surface microstructure of the high purity quartzite particles heated at different terminal temperatures was also observed by using a scanning electron microscope (HITACHI) S2150.Numerous micro-cracks (about ten microns) would be formed on the surface of the sample when the terminal temperature reached the fast expansion region, and the structure inner the sample was very loosen with numerous of minor-cracks(about one micron in width).These minor-cracks lead to the lose of elasticity and worsened mechanical properties of samples.

The nano-encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) with polystyrene as shell and n-octadecane as core were synthesized by ultrasonic technique and miniemulsion in-situ polymerization.The influence of various polymerization factors on the morphology and thermal properties of nanocapsules was investigated systematically.The optimal reaction condition was 0.5% AIBN initiator (mass percent of oil phase,the same in the following), 0.4% DDT chain transfer agent, 1∶1 n-octadecane /styrene, and 2% total amount of composite surfactants consisting of 1∶1 SDS and OP-10.The results showed that the Z average diameter of capsules was 124 nm and its phase change latent heat was 124.4 kJ·kg-1.

Pd/Ce-containing hexagonal mesoporous silicas(HMS) materials were synthesized by the post-assembly and impregnation methods in order to prepare new type Pd supported catalysts.Structure and surface chemical state of the products were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction patterns(XRD), N2 adsorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectra(FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), etc.The results showed that ordered hexagonal mesostructure were kept well after Ce and Pd species were assembled with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) surface areas 933.4 m2·g-1 and pore volume 0.803 cm3·g-1.Ce and Pd surface species were mainly PdO2 and CeO2.Cerium was incorporated presumably into the framework and/or into the walls of silica matrix of HMS structure by the reaction with the pore surface Si—OH groups,and clogging of channels with Pd clusters was avoided by introducing the reagent when the surfactant template was still present in the mesoporous channels.

In order to improve the property of sulfonated poly（pathalazinone ether ketone）(SPPEK)membrane of high sulfonation degree，proton conductor zirconium tricarboxybutylphosphonate［Zr（PBTC）］was used and incorporated into SPPEK to prepare Zr（PBTC）/SPPEK composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC).The results showed that the additive could reduce the water swelling and methanol permeability of membranes efficiently without sacrificing its conductivity.DMFC single cell performance demonstrated that the 30%(mass)Zr（PBTC/SPPEK composite membrane was better than the pristine SPPEK membrane for its reduced swelling and consequently improved dimensional stability.

A kind of anionic micro-cellular polyurethane (MCPU)dispersion containing unsaturated double bonds in the soft segments was synthesized with modified castor oil, and it was used as polymerizable emulsifier and seed composition for emulsion copolymerization of MCPU and methyl methacrylate (MMA).1H NMR spectrum showed that double bonds existing in MCPU disappeared after it was copolymerized with MMA.Various factors that affect the seeded emulsion copolymerization were investigated through measuring the conversion of monomers, average particle size and amount of agglomeration, water and toluene resistance of the film.The results showed that when taking potassium persulfate as initiator, the emulsion copolymerization had higher conversion, the average particle size was smaller and the film had better water and toluene resistance.It was proper to keep the reaction temperature at 70℃.The activation energy of the copolymerization was 164.86 kJ·mol-1.Copolymerization rate Rp∝［I］1.0856,and the dosage of initiator should be 0.5% of the total polymerizable composition.

The simple metalloporphyrins TPPMCl (M=Fe,Mn) and TPPM (M=Co,Cu) are generally used to catalyze the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane to KA oil (cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone) and adipic acid.By using orthogonal design,the influence of reaction temperature, the air flow rate, the reaction time,amount of catalyst and pressure on the cyclohexane aerobic oxidation over TPPMnCl was studied, and the optimized conditions for the cyclohexane oxidation with air catalyzed by TPPMnCl were obtained.Range analysis results of the above five factors were 6.17, 3.12, 2.25, 1.81, 1.53 respectively by taking the total yield(including cyclohexanol,cyclohexanone and adipic acid) as the evaluation index,indicating that reaction temperature was the key factor.Under the optimized conditions of reaction temperature 150℃, pressure 1.2 MPa, air flow rate 0.13 m3·h-1, 7 mg of TPPMnCl , and reaction time 3.5 h, the conversion of cyclohexane was 20.0%, the total selectivity was 90.0%, and the selectivity of adipic acid could go up to 21.0%.