Fully optimized calculation and frequency analysis of 135 polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes sulfoxide (PCDBTOs) compounds were carried out by using density functional theory(DFT) method at the BHandHLYP/6-31G* level and their thermodynamic parameters in the ideal gas state at 298.15 K and 101.3 kPa were obtained.The isodesmic reactions were designed to calculate standard enthalpy of formation (Δ_fH^θ) and standard free energy of formation (Δ_fG^θ) of PCDBTOs congeners.The relationships of these thermodynamic parameters with the number and the position of Cl atom substitution (N_PCS) were established.There exists good correlation between entropy (S^θ)，standard enthalpy of formation (Δ_fH^θ)，standard free energy of formation (Δ_fG^θ) and N_PCS.The stability of PCDBTOs congeners was obtained theoretically based on the relative magnitude of their Δ_fG^θ.The values of c_p,m were calculated by using statistical thermodynamic calculation program in the temperature range from 200 K to 1000 K based on Gaussian 03 output files.The relative equation between c_p,m and temperature was obtained by the least square method.It is found that c_p,m and T，T^-1 and T^-2 have a very good relationship (R²=1.000）.Furthermore，based on the relationship of molecular volume and toxicity，it is predicted that the TCDBTO isomers may be the most toxic among the PCDBTOs compounds.

The Brinkman-Forchheime-extended Darcy model was used to analyze the laminar flow over a plate heated with a constant heat flux embedded in a porous medium by considering the local non-equilibrium between the fluid and porous medium.The conservation equations were established and simplified by analyzing the order of magnitude of each term.The formulas of velocity and thermal boundary layer thicknesses，convective heat transfer coefficient and local temperature difference between fluid and porous medium were obtained by using an integration method.It is shown that the velocity boundary layer in the porous medium is obviously different from that of free stream over a plain plate.It develops very quickly at the beginning and reaches a steady thickness gradually.However，the development of the thermal boundary layer and the change of the local convective heat transfer coefficient are more similar to that of a plain plate.The local temperature difference between the porous medium and fluid achieves the maximum at the beginning，and then decreases gradually along the flow direction.

The rise and mass transfer process of bubbles in a liquid presents a non-equilibrium and strong-coupling characteristic.To predict this process more accurately，a transient acceleration model of bubbles was obtained according to the analysis of forces，especially the Basset force on a rising bubble.Meanwhile，a model for transient and non-equilibrium mass transfer of bubbles was formulated based on the boundary layer mass transfer model around a sphere and non-equilibrium mass transfer theory.These two models were coupled with the gradient of bubble mass to describe the whole rising and mass transfer process of bubbles.Two examples presented showed that the Basset force and non-equilibrium mass transfer would lead to different calculation results for soluble and sparingly soluble bubbles.The calculated values were in better agreement with the experimental data of sparingly soluble bubbles，by utilizing the non-equilibrium mass transfer theory in the coupling model.

Electrochemical corrosion takes place between the copper tube and aluminum fin of tube-fin heat exchanger easily，forming a high thermal resistance layer of Al₂O₃.Therefore，the performance of the heat exchanger and the entire air conditioning system will be affected.In this paper，48 h and 96 h salt spray corrosion tests were made on the tube-fin heat exchanger respectively.And the performance of the heat exchanger before and after salt spray corrosion was tested.It was found that the change of air pressure drop was less than 5 Pa.The capacity and overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger decreased by 12.5% and 16.6% after corrosion respectively.The thermal resistance of the heat exchanger increased by 20% at most.

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the thermal performance of a new type of copper wire-bonded flat heat pipe.The influences of working fluid，steam temperature，wire diameter and wire gap on the thermal performance of the heat pipe were investigated to design the optimal construction.Experimental results showed that wire diameter had an important effect on heat transfer but hardly had any impact on maximum heat flux.The wire gap not only had an important effect on heat transfer but also had a significant impact on maximum heat flux.

In order to have in-depth understanding of the influences of heterogeneous porous structure inside saline aquifers during carbon dioxide injection，a two-phase flow mathematical model was proposed to describe the imbibition process of the supercritical carbon dioxide-brine system，in which a lognormal distribution of porosity was introduced to represent heterogeneity of porous saline aquifers.The model also featured the imbibition process at varying densities and viscosities of supercritical carbon dioxide that were correlated to local pressure and temperature of saline aquifers.Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the influences of process parameters during injection and characteristics of saline aquifers on injecting behavior and saturation distributions of supercritical carbon dioxide in the saline aquifers.The results showed that injection pressure was dependent on the depths and volumetric average porosities of saline aquifers.It was less affected by the porosity distribution of the saline aquifer.However，the saturation distributions of supercritical carbon dioxide in saline aquifers were strongly affected by the porosity distribution.When the total volumes of saline aquifers were identical，the storage capacity of a deep saline aquifer was less than that of a shallow aquifer，whereas the injection pressure in the former case was larger than that in the latter case.For the purpose of maximizing the storage efficiency，an appropriate injection rate needed to be chosen during carbon dioxide injection.The proposed method would provide an insight into carbon dioxide sequestration in saline aquifers，and it would also be a tool for evaluating the consequence of injection.

A new method called structural catastrophe analysis was applied to the analysis of pressure fluctuation time series with chaotic and fractal characteristics in gas-solids fluidized bed.In every type of fixed bed，bubbling bed，turbulent bed，fast fluidized bed and pneumatic conveying stage，pressure fluctuation signals were sampled and dynamic exponents were solved.The changes of T_mean and T_max in different types of fluidized bed were analyzed and summarized.It was concluded that T_mean and T_max can indicate different types of fluidized，and T_max can also be recognized as a new characteristic parameter in addition to correlation parameters，LE exponent and K entropy.

In order to achieve high solids circulation rate (G_s)，an idea of coupling a moving bed to the bottom section of the riser of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) was proposed and tested.The results from the preliminary study demonstrated that the solids circulation rate in the new-structure bed approached 370 kg·m^-2·s^-1 at superficial gas velocities around 10.5 m·s^-1 for sand particles with an average Sauter mean size of 378 μm.This study was devoted to further justifying the effects of the coupled moving bed by performing comparative studies in two CFBs with conventional configurations.It was shown that the pressure at the riser bottom and the realized solid circulation rate were only about 15 kPa and 230 kg·m^-2·s^-1 in the two conventionally configured CFBs，obviously lower than 25 kPa and 370 kg·m^-2·s^-1 in the moving bed coupled CFB.These verified that the coupled moving bed increased the force driving particles form the particle recycling side into the riser.The study further tested the effect of a few specially designed riser exit configurations，revealing that a smooth riser exit could facilitate solids circulation to increase the solids circulation rate.

Experimental and computational fluid dynamics was used in this study to predict the escape particles and evaluate the performance of PSC type cyclone tube with slotted vortex finder.The simulation results showed that the PSC type cyclone tube could remove the particles with a diameter greater than 5 μm.The PSC type cyclone tube increased the grade efficiency of particles with a diameter greater than 2 μm as compared with the Shell type cyclone tube.Short circuit flow occurred around the vortex finder slots and there was almost no short circuit flow under the vortex finder inlet.Most small particles escaped from vortex finder slots of the PSC type cyclone tube.The slotted vortex finder could develop “upwards flow” near the vortex finder inlet outside wall and control the escape particles under the vortex finder inlet.The force analysis of particles near the slotted vortex finder slots showed that gas flow carried the particles with a diameter smaller than 3 μm out the separator.

The axial pressure drop profile and the radial solids distribution were measured in a circulating fluidized bed for evaluating the effects of return gas-solids stream position on the riser flow properties.The saturation carrying capacity of gas for Geldart B typed particles and the flow mode of return gas-solids stream in the bed were discussed.It was found that arranging the inlet at a higher position of the riser would make the bottom bed leaner when U₀ was high and G_s was low.When G_s increased，the longer influenced region of return particles and a small air-staging through lifting the loosening air injection position made the bottom bed become denser significantly.The deceleration and residence of return particles caused a relatively denser but asymmetrical region in the vicinity of inlet.But much more symmetrical solids distribution profile was found in the upper and lower regions far away from the inlet.The effects of inlet height on the flow properties of the riser with air-staging also were analyzed.The secondary air injection below the solids inlet could not cut off the solids exchange in the bed.The bed solids concentration increased when the particles inlet moved to a higher position of the bed when air-staging was adopted.Using CO₂ as tracer，the dispersion of the loop-seal-fluidizing air for transmitting the return particles was investigated.It was found that the loop-seal fluidizing air dispersion rate was low but can be enhanced by the secondary air injection.

Using oxygen as oxidant，the desulfurization of catalytic cracking gasoline by oxygen oxidation and solvent extraction is carried out，and oxidation kinetics is also studied.The experimental results show that the conversion of organic sulfides goes up with increasing amount of phase transfer catalyst，oxidation temperature，oxygen pressure，reaction time and the ratio of water to gasoline.The enhancement of oxidation conditions is in favor of desulfurization rate，but leads to decrease of gasoline recovery yield.Based on oxidation kinetics and principles of extraction phase equilibrium，two models，one for desulfurization rate and the other for gasoline recovery yield，are deduced.The parameters in the models are calculated and statistical test is carried out.The prediction analysis with the models show that both fit well with experimental results.

Ni-Mo-B and Co-Ni-Mo-B amorphous catalysts were prepared by chemical reduction method with sodium borohydride aqueous solution.The resulting materials were characterized by BET，SEM，XRD，XPS and DSC.Using phenol as the model compound，the hydrodeoxygenation（HDO）performances of the catalysts were evaluated.With the addition of Co，the particle size became smaller and the electron transfer from Ni to B was promoted.The HDO activity was lower for Ni-Mo-B than for Co-Ni-Mo-B for which phenol conversion 98% and HDO selectivity up to 93% at temperature 523 K were obtained.The aromatic content in the refining of bio-oil was lower than that of European regulation.Although the HDO selectivity goes up with the increase of reaction temperature，the conversion went down and the content of intermediates increased because of unstability of amorphous structure at high temperature.

MnO_x/TiO₂(i)，MnO_x/TiO₂(a) and MnO_x/TiO₂(c) catalysts were prepared by the impregnation，aggradation and coprecipitation methods respectively，and their properties were characterized with XRD,BET，FTIR,H₂-TPR and n-butylamine titration.The results showed that MnO_x/TiO₂(c) had the largest BET surface area, pore volume and acidity, and the most concentrated pore size distribution and the best dispersion of MnO_x on the surface of catalyst. The experiment results of NH₃-SCR indicated that MnO_x/TiO₂ prepared by the coprecipitation method showed the best performance.The catalyst with 20% Mn content yielded 92.9% NO conversion at 140℃ at a space velocity of 60000 h^-1.

The effect of water on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins（PCDDs）and dibenzofurans（PCDFs）from precursor was investigated by the experiments with a fixed-bed reactor：the reactant mixture with different moisture of 123-TrCB and CuCl₂ for metal-catalyzed formation，that of 123-TrCB and fly ash for surface-catalyzed formation. The experimental results show that the water has the following effects：first，suppressing the formation of PCDD/Fs as less its yield;second，inhibiting chlorination reaction as lower chlorination degree;third，having different effect on PCDDs and PCDFs as lower ratio of PCDFs/PCDDs.The explanations might be the competitive adsorption of water vapor with TrCB on active sites of the fly ash and the catalysis of copper was weakened chloride because of its oxidative conversion to copper oxide.

Coal granular activated carbon with particle size distribution from 0.27 mm to 1.70 mm was used as adsorbent in a fixed-bed to separate deacetyl cephalosporin C（DCPC）from the waste drainage.The adsorbed DCPC on the carbon was eluted with 8%（vol）ethanol aqueous solution，and the obtained eluate contained DCPC in a yield of 60%～65% with a purity higher than 85% .After being further condensed through nanofilter membrane，the eluate was allowed to pass through anion-exchange resin Amberlite IRA67 on which DCPC was adsorbed.Desorption with 0.5 mol·L^-1 sodium acetate buffer solution（pH6.3），DCPC was obtained as sodium salt solution in a yield of 90%～95% with 96% purity and the concentration was higher than 30 g·L^-1.DCPC sodium salt was isolated by crystallization through adding acetone to the eluate.The adsorption capacity of the used coal granular activated carbon could be restored by saturation with alkali solution containing isopropanol and then neutralization with acidic solution.

Immobilization metal affinity chromatography （IMAC）and size-exclusive chromatography （SEC）have been widely used in the purification of recombinant protein.In order to apply the column chromatography to the separation and purification of the gene recombinant with histidine-tags，the column chromatographic separation characteristics of N-terminal histidine-tagged （N-AxCeSD）and C-terminal histidine-tagged （C-AxCeSD）gene recombinant protein AxCeSD，one of the subunit involved in the cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum were studied.In the ring-shaped three-dimensional structure of AxCeSD，N-terminal histidine-tags were located in the inner of ring，while C-terminal histidine-tags were located in the outer.A higher imidazole concentration was necessary for eluting the C-AxCeSD from the IMAC column due to the C-terminal histidine-tags had stronger chelating interaction with the Ni²⁺ on the IMAC media.Moreover，the retention time for eluting C-AxCeSD from the same SEC gel column was shorter than that for N-AxCeSD，because the larger protein homolog was formed in the C-AxCeSD solution through the inter-molecular hydrogen bonds between the C-terminal histidine-tags.

The effects of ultrasonic radiation on phase separation as well as the crystallization of sodium acetate trihydrate，a typical salt hydrate phase change material (PCM)，were studied experimentally.It is shown that ultrasonic radiation may inhibit phase separation to a certain degree.The influence of ultrasonic radiation on crystallization is also found.The addition of PCM grain can inhibit supercooling effectively.The crystallization is related to the supercooling degree.Furthermore，the effects of ultrasonic radiation on inhibiting phase separation of salt hydrates are discussed based on theoretical analysis.

Frequent product changeovers in the modern market require an efficient operating condition setup method for producing new products in the process industry.A novel product design strategy was developed based on the combination of design of experiment (DOE) and inversion of partial least square (PLS) model.The response surface methodology (RSM)，a widely-used optimization method in DOE，was improved to vary the searching step-size with the accumulation of newly available experimental data.Then，the combination method of RSM and the inversion of PLS model was proposed to ensure both extrapolation and interpolation performance of the operating condition setup model.The proposed product design strategy could specify the desirable operating condition quickly and accurately with fewer new experiments in the design process.The strategy was illustrated by a numerical example and a real chemical process.Simulation results could verify its feasibility and effectiveness.

It is difficult to analyze the convergence of iterative learning optimal control for quality control of batch processes，and there exist the disturbance and uncertainties in practical processes.In this paper，a neural fuzzy (NF) model-based approach was used to predict the quality of product and an adaptive update algorithm in the direction of batch was also presented after analyzing the problem of parameters dynamic updating.On this basis，an iterative learning control algorithm with convergence analysis for batch processes was proposed.Moreover，the convergence of the proposed algorithm was analyzed and the rigorous proof was given.Lastly，to verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm，the algorithm was applied to a classical batch process，and the simulation results showed the efficiency and practicability of the proposed method.Thus it provides a new way for the control of batch processes.

To address the issues of heavier crude oil and stringent product quality regulation，this paper presents a refinery planning model that integrates physical properties tracking and quality constraints.The proposed model selected crude oil’s key property of true boiling point curve as classification criteria and applied a K-means clustering to it，introduced swing cut to achieve a higher yield of valuable fractions，tracked and restricted petroleum products’ sulfur content as well as other key properties，and later proposed a universal solving strategy to deal with highly nonlinear quality constraints.The model was illustrated by representative case studies，the results showed that refinery planning optimization combined with quality tracking and constraints could satisfy product quality requirement while achieving a maximum refinery profit.

The fractal dimension of the contacting surface of friction pair has significant influence on the sealing behavior and friction characteristics of mechanical seals.According to the contact fractal model and leakage fractal model of the end face of the friction pair，the optimum fractal dimension，beneficial to alleviating the wear of the end face and the optimum fractal dimension related to the allowable leakage rate were studied respectively.The relationship between elastic contacting area ratios of NHM70 type mechanical seal A_re/A_r and the fractal dimension D，as well as the relationship between leakage rate q and fractal dimension D，were obtained by numerical calculation.Experimental studies on NHM70 type mechanical seals were also carried out on a self-designed testing device.The theoretical calculation and the experimental studies showed that the optimum fractal dimension of the soft ring surface of NHM70 type mechanical seal was 1.61 after comprehensively considering the wear rate，leakage rate and manufacturing cost.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of plasticizer type (glycerol，oleic acid and polyethylene glycol) and plasticizer quantity on the surface and mechanical properties of cast zein film.Additionally，the viscosity of the zein-forming solution and the water absorption，surface microstructure of plasticized zein films were analyzed and compared.The data showed that，the oleic acid-plasticized solution possessed the highest viscosity while the glycerol-plasticized one had the lowest viscosity by zein-plasticizer interactions.The surface microstructure of zein films were affected and the water absorption capacity of zein-based film was dependent on the hydrophilic/hydrophobic plasticizer used，and decreased in the order of glycerol-plasticized film，polyethylene glycol plasticized-film and oleic acid plasticized-film.In the case of oleic acid-and polyethylene glycol-plasticized films，the initial contact angles with water or alcohol increased with increasing plasticizer quantity，while the glycerol-plasticized films showed a different pattern.The data of dynamic contact angle were well fitted with exponential equation，and the decreasing rate of contact angle was a function of time in a plasticizer type-dependent manner，and decreased in the order of glycerol-plasticized film，polyethylene glycol plasticized-film，oleic acid plasticized-film.The tensile strength (TS) of polyethylene glycol plasticized-film decreased with increasing plasticiser quantity，while a dramatic increase in elongation at break (EB) occurred.This data indicated that polyethylene glycol was an effective plasticizer for zein-based film.While，only a slight increase in EB was observed for glycerol-plasticized film and oleic acid plasticized-film with increasing plasticizer quantity.

Inactivation kinetics of total bacteria counts in the milk exposed to dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) was investigated.Stronger inactivation of total bacteria counts was achieved at higher pressure and exposure time (p<0.05）.Treatment temperature had synergistic effects with pressure and expose time on the inactivation of total bacteria counts，and lg(N/N₀) significantly decreased when increasing the temperature (p<0.05）.The maximum reduction was 5.082-log at 30 MPa and 50℃ for 70 min.The survival curves of total bacteria counts in the milk against pressure or temperature were fitted by the Weibull model with high regression coefficients，and model parameters，a value (scale factor) and b value (shape factor) changed regularly with increasing pressure or temperature.

Combined power and water systems，in which high-grade energy is used to produce power in a power plant and low-grade heat is used to run a thermal desalination unit to produce fresh water from saline water，are identified to be energy-，economy- and environment-advantageous over separate power-only and water-only systems.The previous studies usually focus on thermal and economic performance of the systems.This study presents an environmental performance analysis on a combined steam-injected gas turbine (STIG) and thermal seawater desalination (TSD) system.Based on thermoeconomics，a mathematical model is formulated for environmental load allocation between power and water in STIG-TSD.After analyzing the life-cycle environmental impact of the system run by natural gas，environmental vectors for each energy stream as well as produced power and water are obtained，and the environmental load allocation between power and water is calculated.Although the study is based on the STIG-based combined system，the method is also applicable to combined power and water systems based on other dry and wet gas turbines.

NO_x emission characteristics during pulverized coal combustion in O₂/CO₂，O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂/NO atmospheres were studied by using a drop tube furnace.The results showed that in the O₂/N₂，atmosphere NO emission increased with the increase of O₂ concentration or temperature.The same tendency of NO_x emission was also found in the O₂/CO₂ atmosphere.However，the NO_x emission in the O₂/CO₂ atmosphere was 30%—40% lower than that in the O₂/N₂ atmosphere.In the O₂/CO₂/NO atmosphere，the effects of O₂ concentration on NO_x emission as well as on recycled-NO reduction were different at different temperatures.High temperature did not favor recycled-NO reduction.There were two peak values of NO_x emission with the increase of residence time.

To improve the efficiency of denitrifying phosphorus removal in the two-sludge process，the effects of phosphorus release amount and temperature on denitrifying phosphorus removal were investigated in parallel batch experiments.The results indicated that as phosphorus release amount increased from 8.64 mg·L^-1 to 28.93 mg·L^-1，phosphorus uptake amount，net phosphorus uptake amount and nitrate removal efficiency increased，but the ratio of uptake amount and release amount remained almost unchanged.At the temperatures of 8℃，16℃，28℃，denitrifying phosphorus removal all ended after approximately 260 min reaction.Nitrate and phosphorus removal efficiency decreased at lower temperatures.A good linear relationship between nitrate consumption and phosphorus uptake amount was observed in the experiments with the correlation coefficient ranging from 1.002 to 1.044.This relationship between nitrate consumption and phosphorus uptake amount indicated the sludge intrinsic characteristics.

A lab-scale two-stage UASB-A/O combined process was used to investigate the effect of free ammonia（FA）and free nitrite acid（FNA）on the short-cut nitrification of municipal landfill leachate rich in ammonia nitrogen（NH₄⁺-N）on the premise that the COD and nitrogen were removed simultaneously.The denitrification and methanogenesis were conducted in UASB1 simultaneously for the partial removal of TN and COD.The effluent COD of UASB1 was further removed in the UASB2 by methanogenesis.Subsequently，the denitrification of NO_x^--N in the returned sludge using the residual COD and the short-cut nitrification was achieved in the A/O reactor.The experiment experienced three stages in 104 d：the stable short-cut nitrification，the damaged short-cut nitrification，and the recovered short-cut nitrification.The results showed that when the lowest FA was above 3.1 mg·L^-1 the stable short-cut nitrification could be achieved and NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency，NO₂^--N accumulation ratio and TN removal efficiency were 99%，95% and 86%，respectively.When the FA was lower than 0.6 mg·L^-1 with sufficient alkalinity and extended aeration，the short-cut nitration was damaged rapidly and NO₂^--N accumulation ratio decreased to 29% due to the weak inhibition of low FA on NOB.FNA was lower than 0.011 mg·L^-1 at previous two stages，which led to the failure of inhibition on NOB.While FNA was increased considerably in the 3rd stage（the highest FNA was 0.414 mg·L^-1）by decreasing pH，the short-cut nitrification was recovered soon and maintained and NO₂^--N accumulation ratio increased to 92% owing to the cooperative effect of FA and FNA.In brief，FA and FNA were important factors to achieve and maintain the short-cut nitrification of the municipal landfill leachate.

In order to find out the reason of the filamentous sludge bulking in salt-tolerant sludge during saline wastewater treatment，a lab-scale nutrient removal activated sludge system，based on the modified MUCT configuration，was used to identify the occurrence process of filamentous sludge bulking.The sludge was acclimated for a long period at 10g·L^-1 salinity in the MUCT process and was observed to have plenty of filamentous organisms under low dissolved oxygen concentration condition.Different operation strategies were used to control the filamentous sludge bulking.The pollutants removal efficiencies during each control periods were compared as well.The results indicated that filamentous sludge bulking in salt-tolerant sludge occurred at a low DO concentration.Increased salinity inhibited sludge bulking quickly and efficiently.Limited filamentous sludge bulking could be maintained for a long time when ρ(DO₂) was controlled at 1.0 mg·L^-1 and ρ(DO₁) was controlled at 2.0 mg·L^-1.The value of sludge volume index (SVI) varied between 190 ml·g^-1 and 210 ml·g^-1.During this period，the effluent turbidity decreased significantly due to the filtering effect of filamentous bacteria.It could be an option to solve the turbidity problem of saline wastewater treatment.

Enhanced denitrifying phosphorus removal in anaerobic-anoxic/oxic (A²O) process is an effective way to increase the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus when treating low C/N ratio domestic wastewater.In this study，a 52.5L pilot-scale reactor，based on plug-flow A²O configuration，was used to treat domestic wastewater.In addition，the microbial population variation was investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE）.The results showed that the microbial community structure and dominant bacteria changed with the variation of wastewater quality and operating parameters.The dynamic change of microbial population was consistent with the variation of operation.Sequence results of DGGE bands showed that the dominant bacterial community in the system was Proteobacteria.Acinetobacter may be responsible for the traditional biological phosphorus removal in the system，but it disappeared gradually with the enhancement of denitrifying phosphorus removal.Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium increased with the enhancement of denitrifying phosphorus removal and it might be the major denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) in the system.

Based on the principle of simultaneously denitrifying and short-cut sulfide removing，monosodium glutamate waste water sludge was used as inoculum，and the continuous stirred reactor was used to enrich the simultaneously denitrifying and short-cut sulfide removing bacteria.Traditional and modern molecular biology methods were adopted to determine the taxonomic status of the isolated bacteria which was named SNB.Response surface methodology was used to optimize the growth condition.The result showed that SNB had 99.0% homology with Thauera selenatis.Morphological and biochemical characteristics were also similar to Thauera selenatis.It belonged to short rod species.Thauera selenatis is not named in Chinese yet.Biochemical properties，stirred reactor reaction conditions and material balance showed that SNB was a kind of facultative anaerobic denitrifying and sulfide removing bacteria.The first and second items of pH were 0.0038 and 0.0095 respectively.The first and second items of peptone were 0.0868 and 0.447 respectively.The value of pH had a significant effect on the growth of SNB，peptone was the second.The best growth conditions were pH 8，the addition of peptone and sucrose was 1.88 g·L^-1 nd 30.0 g·L^-1 respectively.

The transport of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs），phenanthrene (Phe)，anthracene (Ant) and pyrene (Pyr)，under conditions with and without bacteriostasis was studied through leaching experiments.The results showed that ,microorganisms inhibited leaching of PAHs with a leaching rate of 8.74％，28.53％ and 13.56％ of Phe，Ant and Pyr respectively after 180 days’ leaching under the condition with bacteriostasis and 0.95％，1.47％ and 0.37％ after 240 days’ leaching under the condition without bacteriostasis. The tested 3 PAHs tended to be attached on the top of the soil under both conditions with and without bacteriostasis with 75% of Phe distributing at 0—2 cm from the feeding side，above 90％ of Ant distributing at 10 cm from the feeding side and 85％ of Pyr distributing at 4 cm from the feeding side after 240 days’ leaching.Microorganisms affected the PAHs transport by blocking and degrading.All of Phe，Ant and Pyr could be biodegraded.Before 60 d，PAHs were mainly degraded through the aerobic process while through the anaerobic process after 60 d.

With acidic fermentation production of sewage treatment plant sludge as carbon source for sulfate-reducing bacteria（SRB），the technological characteristics and influence factors of biological treatment of acid mine drainage（AMD）in the expanded granular sludge bed（EGSB）reactor were investigated.The results showed that acidic fermentation supernatant of sewage plant sludge could be a suitable carbon source for SRB.At normal temperature（20℃），when SO₄^2- concentration was 3000 mg·L^-1 and pH value was 3.0 in AMD，liquid up-flow velocity was 5.0 m·h^-1 and hydraulic retention time was 13.8 h in the EGSB reactor，COD/SO₄^2- ratio was about 1.0，influent SO₄^2- loading was 5.22 kg SO₄^2-·m^-3·d^-1，SRB reduction capacity could reach 3.32 kg SO₄^2-·m^-3·d^-1 and specific reduction capacity could reach 0.356 kg SO₄^2-·(kg VSS)^-1·d^-1.At this point pH value in treated effluent of AMD could be up to 6.0，SO₄^2- reduction efficiency was 63.6%，COD removal efficiency was 45.1% and removal efficiency of heavy metals（Fe²⁺，Mn²⁺，Ni²⁺，Zn²⁺，Cu²⁺）were all more than 89%.The pH values and heavy metal ions concentrations in the effluent could both meet discharge standard.

In order to overcome the difficulty in choosing the right type from numerous adsorbents available for treating wastewater containing low concentration ammonia，according to the theory of ion exchange，zeolite，alumina and cinder were used to absorb simulated wastewater，and adsorption isotherms were drawn（the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was 50 mg·L^-1）.Further research was done on the ion exchange rate of adsorbents and exchange capacity at different pH values and temperatures.The adsorption of ammonia was tested through the treatment of industrial wastewater.The experiment indicated that zeolite and alumina could meet the Langmuir isotherm mode，while cinder could meet the Freundlich isotherm mode.Their largest absorbance were 8.29 mg·g^-1，1.69 mg·g^-1 nd 2.16 mg·g^-1 respectively.The results showed that treating low ammonia wastewater with zeolite had better effect，quick response and wide applicability.

The composite electrode material using nano-Zn-doped MnO_x synthesized by the sol-gel method and activated carbon(AC) nano-particles obtained by roller vibration milling at room temperature was prepared.The microstructure and the electrochemical performance of the composite electrode material were studied with the AFM，XRD and electrochemical methods.The activated carbon nano-material showed spherical shape with 50 nm mean size and slit structure involving micro-pores and meso-pores.XRD and pre-surface analysis showed average pore size of the Zn-doped MnO_x nano-material was less 30 nm and mesopore dominates over porous structure.Meanwhile the AC nano-particles combined with 10%（mass） Zn-MnO_x material possessed improved electrochemical property with specific capacitance up to 299 F·g^-1.

The effect of modified nanoTiO₂ on the rheological behavior of paper coating and the properties of coated paper was investigated.The results of rheological behavior experiment showed that at the same shear rate，the more amount of modified nanoTiO₂，the higher the viscosity of paper coating.It was also proved that the dynamic elastic storage modulus and viscid loss modulus of paper coating containing modified nanoTiO₂ were higher than those of paper coating containing unmodified nanoTiO₂，while the phase angle was lower.Furthermore，the results of SEM and AFM showed that the better microscopic pore structure of coating surface could be built when modified nanoTiO₂ was added into paper coating.In addition，with the increase of modified nanoTiO₂ amount in the coated paper，the optical properties and printability of coated paper can be persistently improved.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanopowders were prepared by the combination of chemical reaction in a tube-in-tube microchannel reactor and hydrothermal crystallization process.The influences of reactant flow rate ratio，microchannel height，hydrothermal temperature and time on the preparation of HAP nanopowders were systematically investigated.The results showed that increasing reactant flow rate ratio or decreasing microchannel height led to the decrease of the particle size of HAP nanopowders.The crystallinity and thermal stability of HAP were enhanced with the increase of hydrothermal temperature and time.The reactant flow rate ratio and hydrothermal temperature were the main factors that influenced the preparation of HAP nanopowders.The uniform，well-crystallized and rod-like HAP nanopowders with a mean particle size of about 80 nm could be prepared under the experimental conditions of reactant flow rate ratio of 5∶1，microchannel height of 250 μm，hydrothermal temperature and time of 220℃ and 4 h，respectively.

Calcium sulfate whisker and magnesium sulfate whisker as reinforcer，SBS as toughener，ABS as resin matrix were used for manufacturing modified ABS composite by melt mixing and extrusion.The mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were tested，and the influences of calcium sulfate whisker and magnesium sulfate whisker usage on mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were observed.The toughening mechanism of the modified ABS composites was discussed，and the microstructure of the composite was observed.The test results showed that magnesium sulfate whisker had better comprehensive mechanical properties as compared with calcium sulfate whisker，when ABS was modified.

The effect of SEBS-g-MAH on the isothermal crystallization behavior of LLDPE was studied by using DSC.The crystalline morphology of the LLDPE and LLDPE/SEBS-g-MAH blends was examined by using polarized optical microscope (POM）.The results demonstrated that due to partial destruction of crystal region，the crystallization rate of LLDPE decreased and the activation energy of crystallization increased with addition of SEBS-g-MAH.Addition of elastomer played an inhibition effect on crystal growth of LLDPE，and the grain size decreased.The isothermal crystallization process was described by the Avrami equation and the Avrami exponent n was related with crystallization temperature.The half crystallization time (t_1/2) of LLDPE/SEBS-g-MAH was much longer than that of pure LLDPE and the value of k_n decreased with increasing crystallization temperature.The σ_e，interfacial free energies per unit area perpendicular to LLDPE chains，of pure LLDPE and LLDPE/SEBS-g-MAH blends were calculated with the Hoffman theory.The result showed that σ_e of pure LLDPE was 0.136 J·m^-2 and σ_e of LLDPE/SEBS-g-MAH blends increased by adding SEBS-g-MAH.

Pillared clays（Ti-PILCs）were synthesized from Na-type montmorillonite through intercalation with polymeric hydroxy-titanium.The mechanism of the pillaring course was studied by means of magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance（MAS NMR）and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy（DRIFTS）techniques.DRIFTS suggested that after Ti-pillaring，the silicon-oxygen tetrahedral Si—O—Si bond and aluminum oxide octahedral Si—O—Al bond were broken.Meanwhile，NMR also showed the change of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedral structure and aluminum oxide octahedral structure in the pillared clay.In the pillaring process，the titanium hydroxy-oligomeric cations entered the layers of the montmorillonite by ion-exchange，the Si—O—Al bond of the raw clays were broken，the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron structure were overturned，and the reactive oxygen species（structural hydroxyl）reacted with titanium hydroxy-oligomeric cations to form Si—O—M bond.This led to the incorporation of pillaring species of Ti in the layers of the clay.After further heat treatment，the TiO₂ pillars were formed in the layers to obtain Ti-PILCs.

Carbon-protected metallic nanoparticles（nickel and cobalt）composites were prepared by the pyrolysis of the mixture of soluble starch and metallic acetate in N₂ flow via an easy green synthetic route.The obtained samples were highly stable in air.Reducing agent was not used in the experiments.The as-synthesized samples were characterized by XRD，TEM，and N₂ adsorption-desorption analysis.The results of N₂ adsorption-desorption analysis indicated that the obtained samples possessed mesoporous structures and high BET surface areas.