高速飞行器燃油热管理系统飞行热航时

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20191117

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前高速飞行器机载热负荷呈指数上升趋势，而由于气动加热作用，机身温度随航时增长也持续上升，这两者严重限制了高速飞行器的续航时间和电子设备的使用时长。燃油作为飞行器所必须携带的大比热容液体工质，是机载热沉的优选。燃油热沉利用会受气动加热、耗油量、飞行时长的综合影响。本文以机载燃油热沉为核心，研究高速飞行器燃油热管理系统参数设计对飞行热航时的影响。建立了燃油-消耗性冷却剂热利用系统的动态特性方程，并提出热航时的概念以衡量热负荷作用下燃油不发生超温的飞行时长，详细讨论了上述各影响因素与热利用系统参数对热航时的影响。上述研究可为高速飞行器热管理系统设计选型提供参考。

关键词: 高速飞行器, 热管理系统, 燃油热沉, 热传导, 相变, 热力学过程

Abstract:

At present, the airborne thermal load of high speed vehicle is increasing exponentially. But the temperature of the fuselage increases with the flight time due to the aerodynamic heating effect. These factors severely restrict the endurance of the high-speed vehicle and the working time of the electronic equipment. Fuel oil can be the preferred airborne heat sink because it is necessary to be carried liquid with large ratio heat capacity. The working temperature of fuel heat sink will be affected aerodynamic heating effect, consumption rate, flight time, comprehensively. In this paper, a fuel heat management system for high speed vehicle will be studied to analyze the influence of parameters design on the flight time. The dynamic characteristic equations were established for the fuel thermal management system. The concept of thermal fight time was further proposed to evaluate the flight time constrained by thermal load effect. The effects of the above factors and the design parameters on the fuel thermal management system were discussed in detail. The above work can provide a reference for the design and selection of the thermal management system for high speed vehicle.

Key words: high speed aircraft, heat management system, fuel heat sink, heat conduction, phase change, thermodynamics process

中图分类号:

V 245.3

杨晓东, 庞丽萍, 阿嵘, 金亮. 高速飞行器燃油热管理系统飞行热航时[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(S1): 425-429.

Xiaodong YANG, Liping PANG, Rong A, Liang JIN. Thermal flight time of fuel heat management system for high speed vehicle[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(S1): 425-429.

图/表 6

图1 高速飞行器燃油热管理系统架构

Fig.1 Structure of fuel heat management system

表1 分析变量表

Table 1 Variable table

符号	变量	单位
E_cv	储存能	J
$Q ˙ a$	气动加热量	W
$Q ˙ 1$	油箱流入控制体的能量	W
$Q ˙ h$	机载热源发热量	W
$Q ˙ d$	供给发动机能量	W
$Q ˙ c, m a x$	蒸发器最大换热量	W
$m ˙ 1$	油箱出口燃油质量流量	kg·s^-1
T_e	附面层温度	K
T₁	油箱出口温度	K
U_a	附面层空气与燃油总传热系数	W·m^-2·K^-1
c_p	比定压热容	J·kg^-1·K^-1
$Q ˙ r$	循环回路入控制体能量	W
$Q ˙ 2$	油箱流出控制体的能量	W
$Q ˙ 3$	进入消耗冷却剂换热器能量	W
ε_c	效能
$m ˙ r$	循环回路燃油质量流量	kg·s^-1
T_ref	任意参考温度	K
T	燃油箱温度	K
T_lim	发动机油温限	K
A_a	油箱内壁瞬时润湿面积	m²

表1 分析变量表

Table 1 Variable table

符号	变量	单位
E_cv	储存能	J
$Q ˙ a$	气动加热量	W
$Q ˙ 1$	油箱流入控制体的能量	W
$Q ˙ h$	机载热源发热量	W
$Q ˙ d$	供给发动机能量	W
$Q ˙ c, m a x$	蒸发器最大换热量	W
$m ˙ 1$	油箱出口燃油质量流量	kg·s^-1
T_e	附面层温度	K
T₁	油箱出口温度	K
U_a	附面层空气与燃油总传热系数	W·m^-2·K^-1
c_p	比定压热容	J·kg^-1·K^-1
$Q ˙ r$	循环回路入控制体能量	W
$Q ˙ 2$	油箱流出控制体的能量	W
$Q ˙ 3$	进入消耗冷却剂换热器能量	W
ε_c	效能
$m ˙ r$	循环回路燃油质量流量	kg·s^-1
T_ref	任意参考温度	K
T	燃油箱温度	K
T_lim	发动机油温限	K
A_a	油箱内壁瞬时润湿面积	m²

图2 设计航时与初始燃油携带量的关系

Fig.2 Relationship between design flight time and initial fuel carrying capacity

图3 初始燃油携带量与热航时关系

Fig.3 Relationship between initial fuel carrying capacity and thermal flight time

图4 循环回路燃油流量限对热航时的影响

Fig.4 Influence of fuel flow limit on thermal flight time

图5 燃油流量限的影响（τthermal=τdesign）

Fig.5 Influence of fuel flow limit

参考文献 30

1	Mahefkey T, Yerkes K, Donovan B, et al. Thermal management challenges for future military aircraft power systems [C]// SAE Transactions, 2004, 113: 1965-1973.
2	Maiorano L P, Molina J M. Challenging thermal management by incorporation of graphite into aluminium foams [J]. Materials & Design, 2018, 158: 160-171.
3	Iqbal M A, Macha N K, Danesh W, et al. Thermal management challenges and mitigation techniques for transistor-level 3-D integration [J]. Microelectronics Journal, 2019, 91: 61-69.
4	Jeffrey F, Philip O, Michael G, et al. Challenges and opportunities for electric aircraft thermal management [J]. Aircraft Engineering & Aerospace Technology, 2014, 86(6): 519-524.
5	Yu S, Ganev E. Next generation power and thermal management system [J]. SAE International Journal of Aerospace, 2009, 1(1): 1107-1121.
6	Fjelstad J. Beating the heat: a review of thermal management challenges [J]. Surface Mount Technology, 2013, 28(7): 46-50.
7	David B D. Optimal cruise altitude for aircraft thermal management [J] Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, 2015, 38(11): 2084-2095.
8	Howard C E. Thermal management a challenge for designers of future military aircraft [J]. Military and Aerospace Electronics, 2008, 19(4): 12.
9	Moore A L, Shi L. Emerging challenges and materials for thermal management of electronics (review) [J]. Materials Today, 2014, 17(4): 163-174.
10	Yu X, Mao Y. Research and simulation of hypersonic aircraft thermal management system and its control model [J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2018, 33(3): 741-751.
11	Phillips E H. Langley develops thermal management concept for hypersonic aircraft [J]. Aviation Week and Space Technology, 1991, 134(15): 41.
12	张斌. 民用飞机燃油箱系统热模型分析研究[J]. 民用飞机设计与研究, 2013, (1): 23-26.
	Zhang B. Research on the thermal model analysis of civil aircraft fuel tank system [J]. Civil Aircraft Design and Research, 2013, (1): 23-26.
13	吕亚国, 任国哲, 刘振侠, 等. 飞机燃油箱热分析研究[J]. 推进技术, 2015, (1): 61-67.
	Lü Y G, Ren G Z, Liu Z X, et al. Thermal analysis of fuel tank for aircraft [J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2015, (1): 61-67.
14	李艳军, 朱福民. 液压油箱模型散热性能的研究[J]. 科技信息, 2014, (9): 42-43.
	Li Y J, Zhu F M. Study on heat dissipation performance of hydraulic oil tank model [J]. Science & Technology Information, 2014, (9): 42-43
15	Dechow M, Nurcombe C A H. Aircraft environmental control systems [J]. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 2005, 4(1): 3-24.
16	Yang Y C, Gao Z C. Power optimization of the environmental control system for the civil more electric aircraft [J]. Energy, 2019, 172: 196-206.
17	Yi C. Study on the simulink model for the testbed of the environmental control system of the aircraft [J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018, 1060(1): 012073.
18	Chen L, Zhang X, Wang C, et al. A novel environmental control system facilitating humidification for commercial aircraft [J]. Building and Environment, 2017, 126: 34-41.
19	Kyle A P, William T H, Lu H, et al. Built-in test design for fault detection and isolation in an aircraft environmental control system [J]. IFAC PapersOnLine, 2016, 49(7): 7-12.
20	Bender D. Integration of exergy analysis into model-based design and evaluation of aircraft environmental control systems [J]. Energy, 2017, 137: 739-751.
21	Yin H, Shen X, Huang Y, et al. Modeling dynamic responses of aircraft environmental control systems by coupling with cabin thermal environment simulations [J]. Building Simulation, 2016, 9(4): 459-468.
22	Teresa J L, Isabel P G. A thermoeconomic analysis of a commercial aircraft environmental control system [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005, 25(2/3): 309-325.
23	于喜奎, 毛羽丰. 高超声速飞机热管理系统控制模型构建与仿真[J]. 航空动力学报, 2018, 33(3): 741-751.
	Yu X K, Mao Y F. Research and simulation of hypersonic aircraft thermal management system and its control model [J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2018, 33(3): 741-751.
24	兰江, 朱磊, 赵竞全. 通用油箱热模型的建模与仿真[J]. 航空动力学报, 2014, 29(7): 1623-1631.
	Lan J, Zhu L, Zhao J Q. Modeling and simulation of general fuel tank thermal model [J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2014, 29(7): 1623-1631.
25	郝毓雅, 王婕. 飞机燃油热管理系统分析[J]. 现代机械, 2015, (3): 77-82.
	Hao Y Y, Wang J. The analysis of aircraft fuel thermal management system [J]. Modern Machinery, 2015, (3): 77-82.
26	Anderson J D. Aircraft Performance and Design [M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 1999.
27	雷屹坤. 飞机综合一体化热/能量管理系统方案研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2014.
	Lei Y K. Research on scheme of integrated thermal and energy management system on aircraft [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014
28	袁美名, 常士楠, 洪海华, 等. 飞机机载综合热管理系统仿真研究[J]. 航空科学技术, 2008, (4): 30-34.
	Yuan M M, Chang S N, Hong H H, et al. Simulation of aircraft integrated thermal management system [J]. Aeronautical Science and Technology, 2008, (4): 30-34.
29	王文龙, 王伟. 下一代战斗机综合环境控制/热管理系统开发现状[J]. 飞机设计, 2004, (1): 74-76.
	Wang W L, Wang W. Development of integrated environmental control system/thermal management system (IECS/TMS) for next generation fighter aircraft [J]. Aircraft Design, 2004, (1): 74-76.
30	陈悦. 飞机燃油系统热负荷计算及热管理分析[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2014.
	Chen Y. Heat sink calculation and the analysis of thermal management for aircraft fuel system [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014.

[1]	张双星, 刘舫辰, 张义飞, 杜文静. R-134a脉动热管相变蓄放热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 165-171.
[2]	江河, 袁俊飞, 王林, 邢谷雨. 均流腔结构对微细通道内相变流动特性影响的实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 235-244.
[3]	吴延鹏, 刘乾隆, 田东民, 陈凤君. 相变材料与热管耦合的电子器件热管理研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 25-31.
[4]	杨欣, 王文, 徐凯, 马凡华. 高压氢气加注过程中温度特征仿真分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 280-286.
[5]	宋嘉豪, 王文. 斯特林发动机与高温热管耦合运行特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 287-294.
[6]	张化福, 童莉葛, 张振涛, 杨俊玲, 王立, 张俊浩. 机械蒸汽压缩蒸发技术研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 8-24.
[7]	刘远超, 关斌, 钟建斌, 徐一帆, 蒋旭浩, 李耑. 单层XSe₂（X=Zr/Hf）的热电输运特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3968-3978.
[8]	张贲, 王松柏, 魏子亚, 郝婷婷, 马学虎, 温荣福. 超亲水多孔金属结构驱动的毛细液膜冷凝及传热强化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 2824-2835.
[9]	史昊鹏, 钟达文, 廉学新, 张君峰. 朝下多尺度沟槽翅片结构表面沸腾换热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 2880-2888.
[10]	史方哲, 甘云华. 超薄热管启动特性和传热性能数值模拟[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 2814-2823.
[11]	邢美波, 张中天, 景栋梁, 张洪发. 磁调控水基碳纳米管协同多孔材料强化相变储/释能特性[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 3093-3102.
[12]	卫雪岩, 钱勇. 微米级铁粉燃料中低温氧化反应特性及其动力学研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2624-2638.
[13]	刘远超, 蒋旭浩, 邵钶, 徐一帆, 钟建斌, 李耑. 几何尺寸及缺陷对石墨炔纳米带热输运特性的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2708-2716.
[14]	李振, 张博, 王丽伟. PEG-EG固-固相变材料的制备和性能研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2680-2688.
[15]	代佳琳, 毕唯东, 雍玉梅, 陈文强, 莫晗旸, 孙兵, 杨超. 热物性对混合型CPCMs固液相变特性影响模拟研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 1914-1927.